Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

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Form

Purpose

• Why are the control lines of rapid test kits designed by many companies different?
• Can we get patients’ samples from the Medical Laboratory in order to test our product? Or can we take our product to the medical laboratory to test it?
• How can we test our product?
• Why does the Medical Laboratory have to use a specific instrument to analyze the result of the rapid test? Can’t the result be read with naked-eyes?
• Why do they choose nasal mucus but serum as the sample for rapid influenza diagnostic tests?
• What is the mechanism of amplifying the signal of a sample in a rapid influenza diagnostic test?
• How high are the sensitivities of rapid influenza diagnostic tests nowadays?
• Is there anything of rapid influenza diagnostic tests that you want it to be improved?

Process

• Each company designs a different control line because they use different kinds of mice to produce antibodies. Just to make sure the sample can combine with the control line. Usually, they design various control lines, test and check the result, and choose the best one for production.
• The Medical Laboratory doesn’t keep samples after testing, and can’t give samples to us for testing our product, either. Without patients’ consent forms, patients’ samples can only be used for diagnosis. Biotechnical companies usually mix two different kinds of viruses as a sample for product testing at an initial stage. Too many different kinds of virus used at once is not recommended because it becomes hard to analyze the effect factors of the results. Types of viruses that will affect results are noted in Instruction manuals for doctors and laboratory scientists.
• We have to apply for experimental plans in order to get samples from the Medical Laboratory.
• The experiments to test products with different kinds of viruses must be taken in biosafety level-3 laboratories.
• Different medical laboratories of hospitals use different rapid influenza diagnostic tests.
• As for the data analyzing instrument we saw in the lab, it is used when the amount of the influenza virus in the sample isn’t enough, or for some fluorescence-used products that are hard to read with naked eyes. By using the instrument, there will be a standard for if patients are infected by influenza.
• Rapid influenza diagnostic tests always use samples collected from nasal mucus but serum because it is more difficult and more invasive to draw a patient’s blood than doing swabs, and the amount of the virus in nasal mucus is more than in blood, too. That is the reason why products nowadays seldom use samples collected from patients’ serum.
• When doing swabs, doctors will get into the patient’s throat as deep as possible to make sure they collect enough samples. The products nowadays seldom have a mechanism to amplify sample signals but they improve sensitivities by getting rid of the impurity. Some products contain enzymes to break down other bacteria or viruses to reduce interference. However not every company does so.
• The sensitivities of the products nowadays are not so good. Besides, many factors affect accuracy, for example, the ways doctors collect samples, the false negativity of products, or the disease process of patients is still at an early stage.
• It is impossible for patients to use the rapid influenza diagnostic test by themselves because the procedure of collecting samples must be done by well-trained doctors. Also, after using rapid diagnostic tests, patients still need to go see doctors and get treatments. It is worthless to let patients do the rapid test by themselves.
• We can try some ways to get rid of the impurity of other viruses or improve the sensitivities of our rapid test. It will benefit clinical medicine.

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Purpose

Process

• We saw a product called “Redeye”, which can detect invisible blood in our urine. It helps people discover their diseases such as colorectal cancer, kidney disease, bladder cancer earlier. It gives people awareness and makes them go to hospitals earlier for appropriate treatments. We found that early detection is very important in every kind of disease. People can use the device at home, which avoids the inconvenience of going to hospitals or getting invasive examinations. The company which produced “Redeye” wanted to combine their product with smart toilets and helped people examine their health with excreta. The device can connect to smartphones through wifi to get data.
• We saw many companies emphasized that their devices can detect many kinds of diseases or abnormal body function index. There was a product called “MSA—Blood” which can detect problems with a very small amount of patients’ blood. It can detect diabetes mellitus, liver function, cardiac function, kidney function, metabolism function and etc. Because of its convenience and fast analyze time, it can be used in some specific places such as clinics, care centers, nursing houses, ambulances, community health centers, schools, or rural areas. With these advantages, it might be possible to use it in every single family in the future. The market strategies and applications of this device are similar to ours.
• There were many posters and reports talking about the development of medicine, we were very impressed by one of them. The report was about the history of the development of infectious diseases in Taiwan, from SARS to influenza. The next trend of influenza is often predicted by WHO. But what can we do if WHO doesn’t predict right? The president of Min-Sheng General Hospital—Chiung-Lang Wang pointed out that if there is a shortage of the supplement of vaccines, or WHO predicts the wrong subtype of influenza for us to make vaccines, clinical workers and senior managers in hospitals will be under great pressure. In this situation, what hospitals and the public need are the technique of rapid diagnostic tests to help them figure out whether the disease is serious or slight. He recommended that faster and more efficient rapid diagnostic tests need to be developed.

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Form

Purpose

• Are aptamers able to act as antibodies in screening tests?
• How to select aptamers and to apply them to our rapid test paper?

Process

• Dr. Yu was developing screening tests with aptamers
• Yes, aptamers can perform the function of protein antibodies. In fact, they perform even better than antibodies since they are smaller in size.
• We apply SELEX(Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) to select the aptamers that have high affinity with our target proteins.
• Since Dr. Yu specialized in the screening tests of toxicant molecules, which are smaller than our target, influenza proteins, he wasn’t 100% sure whether aptamers would fit protein or not. However, Dr, Yu indicated that since the principle is the same it is supposed to work, and encouraged us to take a try.
• Aptamers are easier to process. If we want to have the color changed we can add nanogold or other substrates to the tails of aptamers.

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Form

Purpose

• We want to take the proteins of influenza as our target for SELEX. Could you give some advice to us?
• We find people often use HA and NP as influenza’s target proteins. If we want to produce them by ourselves, what recommendations or advice would you give us?
• How to produce proteins of high purification?

Process

• There are many complex chemical reactions in the human body fluid and it’s hard to predict. Aptamers have to bind to target protein when doing SELEX. Dr. Tsai recommended us using purified protein to do SELEX.
• Generally speaking, the water-soluble ability of HA is worse than NP. Dr. Tsai thought that to easily purify, using proteins that are better water-soluble and add His tag to the tail is a better choice. We can use Nickle columns to purify proteins.

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Purpose

• We have found through experiments that there was an unknown molecule with high molecular weight that appeared after SELEX. It seemed to be related to the template concentration, primer concentration, and the number of cycles. Why? How can we solve it?
• From our data, it is found that as the Template concentration or the number of PCR cycles increases, a by-product of about 100 bp would appear first and resulted in the ladder-like band. Then it evolved into a by-product with high molecular weight and resulted in the band gathering near the well that had a strong signal. How can we explain this situation?
(照片) Figure 1. Test of template conc. Condition (照片) Figure 2. Test of template and dNTP conc. condition (Wash compared with Probe) (照片) Figure 3. Experiment to find out the best template conc. condition of PCR. (照片) Figure 4 & 5. Test of PCR cycle number.

Process

• Template concentration or a high number of Cycles may has confused the Template and the Primer, resulting in incorrect copying or an unexpected secondary structure.
• The number of PCR cycles was too high. The general PCR condition after SELEX is 15 cycles. After conducting SELEX for many times, the product was relatively pure, and the number of cycles of PCR could be increased. It is recommended that the PCR part be tested first to find the most suitable conditions.
• The band of the product that appeared at about 100 bp may be the result of the double-stranded PCR product which hadn’t denatured, so the position of the band was higher than 87 bp which we expected. If there was no band, it represented that there was no product for PCR.
• Although the ladder-like by-products had occurred in the past, it hadn’t occurred that all by-products gathered at the top. However, a strong signal should be caused by its high molecular weight, not its volume.
• The professor recommended that we conducted SELEX experiment as follows:
  • Step: SELEX – PCR with Elution – Check by DNA page – Denature – Renature – Purify – Cryopreservation – Denature – Renature – SELEX
  • Control the number of PCR cycles, template concentration, and primer concentration during PCR to avoid the appearance of by-products.
  • Prior to each round of SELEX, using a Primer with beads to separate and remove the complementary sequence generated during the PCR process.
  • Quantify the PCR product before running SELEX to determine how much DNA is added to SELEX.
  • Increase the volume of PCR for subsequent testing and experimentation.
  • While denaturing, the recommended temperature is 95 degrees Centigrade and the recommended time is 10 minutes. While Renaturing (folding), it is recommended to slowly return the sample to room temperature from 95 degrees Centigrade instead of putting it on ice.
• The professor would start the specificity test after 5th round of SELEX. Under normal circumstances, the specificity will be enhanced successively. Usually, we can get the ideal result at the 7th to 8th round, and then we can conduct DNA sequencing. If conducting SELEX above 9-10 round, there may appear some impurities.
• Specificity test: Choose an unrelated protein (albumin) as a negative control, run the ELISA test with the proteins of the influenza A and B viruses, and confirm the result of DNA page after PCR.
• Affinity test: Conduct sequence dilution with Aptamer or Target. After getting a result of a binding curve, plot with Prism and get the KD value.
• The aptamer with good affinity should have a KD value below 10 nm, and an acceptable range for the value falls within 10-100 nm.

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Form

Purpose

• How does the government collect the data of the influenza subtypes every season? Which department collects and analyzes the data?
• What role does the rapid influenza diagnostic test play in the prevention work?
• How does the government know which subtype to make for vaccines next season?
• What is the countermeasure of the government for preventing influenza?
• In what situation should the clinic or hospital report the epidemic of influenza to the government? How do they report?
• Were the cases reported to the government diagnosed by using rapid influenza diagnostic tests, or according to their symptoms?
• Most of the rapid influenza diagnostic test nowadays have the problem of false negativities. Does it an issue for the government during the prevention works?
• Is the disease spreading map helpful for preventing influenza in Taiwan, or in developing countries?
• Where are the influenza virus during the rest period between every outbreak? Is it possible to stop the spreading of the virus during the rest period?
• If there is a product which can detect influenza more rapidly, correctly, and even cheaper, what impact will it bring to the public or the government?

Process

• Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) will collect the data from laboratories engaged by special arrangement. These laboratories in every city cultivate the virus and report the data to CDC. After CDC collects and analyzes the data, they announce the subtypes of influenza viruses that are prevalent each week. If there’s a rapid diagnostic test with higher accuracy and efficiency, it would help the government for the statistics of epidemiology.
• Most of rapid influenza diagnostic test products nowadays have up to 50% of false negativities. Doctors will take the result of these products as a reference, and consider other factors such as individual symptoms.
• There are many subtypes of influenza viruses, so it is hard to combine all of the subtypes in one rapid influenza diagnostic test. If only some common ones, it might be possible. It might have an impact on the type of influenza vaccine the government buys.
• WHO announces the subtype of influenza vaccines every season, and the government will take reference from it. Biotechnical companies provide vaccines globally, so it is hard to get specific types only for certain regions.
• The Department of Public Health monitors crowded places such as prisons, nursing houses, nurseries, schools. These places have to report if a cluster infection happened. A so-called cluster infection means that there are two or more infected cases each day. The reporting system is online and opens 24/7. After then, the Department of Public Health will conduct environmental disinfection and urge people to put on masks and even prescribe preventive medicine. Besides, the Department of Public Health will send propaganda to non-government institutions, reminding them to carry out preventing measures such as keeping windows open. The Department of Public Health will provide them a checklist to help them make sure that they are prepared for the upcoming outbreak.
• For general non-government institutions, the cases reported have to be diagnosed by doctors. Doctors take the results of rapid influenza diagnostic tests as a reference, combined with patients’ symptoms to make diagnoses.
• The disease spreading map is not useful for the prevention works in Taiwan. For the one-day-life circle in Taiwan, the virus could spread around Taiwan in a very short time. For the developing countries which their traffic is inconvenient or with broad territories, it may be helpful.
• During the rest period between each outbreak, influenza viruses don’t disappear,. However, they exist in human bodies. It is hard to find all of the influenza viruses during the rest period and eliminate them.
• If there is a product that can detect influenza more rapidly, correctly, and even cheaper, the clinics will be willing to buy so they can know if the patients are infected by influenza in a more efficient way. The government can also start their prevention works earlier and additionally prevent the widespread of influenza viruses.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback

Form

Purpose

• How to detect influenza in a lab?
• What kind of sample does the professor recommend for influenza rapid test?
• Do you recommend using the blood to detect the flu directly?
• Do you recommend using swabs to detect flu directly?
• What are the current methods of influenza detection?
• Do you have any suggestions for our fast screening products?

Process

• Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days.
• The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive.
• Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia.
• Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation.

Feedback