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| | Biopharmaceutical Sciences BSc | | Biopharmaceutical Sciences BSc |
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| − | <div class="ModalDescription">Charlotte involves herself with all team members to assist us in our tasks and help ensure things run smoothly. During meetings she maintains structure by being just and fair, while in the lab she can be found | + | <div class="ModalDescription"> |
| − | working on isolating stress promoters
| + | <h1>Form</h1> |
| − | from Bacillus bacteria. When problems arise, Charlotte will quickly be working on a solution, making her our reliable team manager.
| + | On August 7th, we came to visit the Department of Public Health of Taiwan. We had an interview with three government officials. |
| | + | <h1>Purpose</h1> |
| | + | In order to know about the prevention work of influenza nowadays and how our product will affect the government, we drafted the questions below: |
| | + | |
| | + | <ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | <li>How does the government collect the data of the influenza subtypes every season? Which department collects and analyzes the data?</li> |
| | + | <li>What role does the rapid influenza diagnostic test play in the prevention work? </li> |
| | + | <li>How does the government know which subtype to make for vaccines next season? </li> |
| | + | <li>What is the countermeasure of the government for preventing influenza? </li> |
| | + | <li>In what situation should the clinic or hospital report the epidemic of influenza to the government? How do they report? </li> |
| | + | <li>Were the cases reported to the government diagnosed by using rapid influenza diagnostic tests, or according to their symptoms? </li> |
| | + | <li>Most of the rapid influenza diagnostic test nowadays have the problem of false negativities. Does it an issue for the government during the prevention works? </li> |
| | + | <li>Is the disease spreading map helpful for preventing influenza in Taiwan, or in developing countries? </li> |
| | + | <li>Where are the influenza virus during the rest period between every outbreak? Is it possible to stop the spreading of the virus during the rest period? </li> |
| | + | <li>If there is a product which can detect influenza more rapidly, correctly, and even cheaper, what impact will it bring to the public or the government? </li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | <h1>Process</h1> |
| | + | |
| | + | <ul> |
| | + | <li>Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) will collect the data from laboratories engaged by special arrangement. These laboratories in every city cultivate the virus and report the data to CDC. After CDC collects and analyzes the data, they announce the subtypes of influenza viruses that are prevalent each week. If there’s a rapid diagnostic test with higher accuracy and efficiency, it would help the government for the statistics of epidemiology. </li> |
| | + | <li>Most of rapid influenza diagnostic test products nowadays have up to 50% of false negativities. Doctors will take the result of these products as a reference, and consider other factors such as individual symptoms. </li> |
| | + | <li>There are many subtypes of influenza viruses, so it is hard to combine all of the subtypes in one rapid influenza diagnostic test. If only some common ones, it might be possible. It might have an impact on the type of influenza vaccine the government buys. </li> |
| | + | <li>WHO announces the subtype of influenza vaccines every season, and the government will take reference from it. Biotechnical companies provide vaccines globally, so it is hard to get specific types only for certain regions. </li> |
| | + | <li>The Department of Public Health monitors crowded places such as prisons, nursing houses, nurseries, schools. These places have to report if a cluster infection happened. A so-called cluster infection means that there are two or more infected cases each day. The reporting system is online and opens 24/7. After then, the Department of Public Health will conduct environmental disinfection and urge people to put on masks and even prescribe preventive medicine. Besides, the Department of Public Health will send propaganda to non-government institutions, reminding them to carry out preventing measures such as keeping windows open. The Department of Public Health will provide them a checklist to help them make sure that they are prepared for the upcoming outbreak. </li> |
| | + | <li>For general non-government institutions, the cases reported have to be diagnosed by doctors. Doctors take the results of rapid influenza diagnostic tests as a reference, combined with patients’ symptoms to make diagnoses. </li> |
| | + | <li>The disease spreading map is not useful for the prevention works in Taiwan. For the one-day-life circle in Taiwan, the virus could spread around Taiwan in a very short time. For the developing countries which their traffic is inconvenient or with broad territories, it may be helpful. </li> |
| | + | <li>During the rest period between each outbreak, influenza viruses don’t disappear,. However, they exist in human bodies. It is hard to find all of the influenza viruses during the rest period and eliminate them. </li> |
| | + | <li>If there is a product that can detect influenza more rapidly, correctly, and even cheaper, the clinics will be willing to buy so they can know if the patients are infected by influenza in a more efficient way. The government can also start their prevention works earlier and additionally prevent the widespread of influenza viruses. </li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | <h1>Feedback</h1> |
| | + | During the interview, we found that the rapid diagnostic test products nowadays are of low sensitivities. Although doctors make diagnoses combined with patients’ symptoms, they aren’t actually confident if they are always right. While the government has the responsibility to prevent the spread of influenza, it is vital that influenza being diagnosed earlier and correctly to help the government promote preventing work smoothly. Besides, we found that our product could help the statistic of epidemiology. The officials encouraged us to develop our product and it might be helpful for preventing influenza. Last but not least, we learned what exactly the works the government does to fight against influenza. |
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| | <div class="ModalFunFact"> | | <div class="ModalFunFact"> |
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| | Biopharmaceutical Sciences BSc | | Biopharmaceutical Sciences BSc |
| | </div> | | </div> |
| − | <div class="ModalDescription">Charlotte involves herself with all team members to assist us in our tasks and help ensure things run smoothly. During meetings she maintains structure by being just and fair, while in the lab she can be found | + | <div class="ModalDescription"> |
| − | working on isolating stress promoters
| + | <h1>Form</h1> |
| − | from Bacillus bacteria. When problems arise, Charlotte will quickly be working on a solution, making her our reliable team manager.
| + | Our team had an interview on August 10th with Taiwan Centers for Diseases Control Dengue Vector virus and Rickettsia Laboratory, which launched a new type Virus Serotyping rapid test kit this year. |
| | + | <h1>Purpose</h1> |
| | + | While searching for factories which produce rapid diagnose test product, we saw the information of the first reagent produced in Taiwan on the webpage of Taiwan Centers for Diseases Control. We found the laboratory that developed the technology. This time, we hope to get to know more about issues we have to be aware of while developing our rapid diagnose test product. Also, the plan after the production is very important, so we drafted the questions below. |
| | + | |
| | + | <ul> |
| | + | <li>Rapid diagnose tests could hardly avoid the problem of false negativities. In this situation, what is the position of clinical application?</li> |
| | + | <li>What kinds of certification should a successfully developed product get before it is launched in the market? </li> |
| | + | <li>How do general laboratories manufacture and market outsource? </li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | <h1>Process</h1> |
| | + | |
| | + | <ul> |
| | + | <li>Dengue fever is a major project for the prevention of infectious diseases in Taiwan every year. AsiaGen Corporation developed the product “Dengue fever NS1 rapid diagnose test” and it is the only product certificated in Taiwan now. The product can detect 4 types of dengue fever at the same time. While using RT-PCR, it needs 6 hours to get the result, this product only takes 30 minutes to examine dengue fever. It is a very convenient product, consuming little time and saving spaces. The product has 98-99% of sensitivity and has low false negativities. However, it is only for front line examination use. Dengue fever has to be confirmed by rTP—ELISA. </li> |
| | + | <li>We asked them about how they confirm the sensitivity. They said they have tested it by the dengue virus in their laboratory. Besides, they suggested us test our product with the whole influenza virus. </li> |
| | + | <li>They suggested we visit the Innovation Incubation Center of our school, for the questions such as applying for patents. </li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | <h1>Feedback</h1> |
| | + | Through the interview, we were recommended to test our product with the whole influenza viruses. After then, we discussed this and decided to test our product by conducting TCID50 assay and serological test. |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | </div> | | </div> |
| | <div class="ModalFunFact"> | | <div class="ModalFunFact"> |
Human Practice structure
Participatory Design (PD)
Participatory Design is an emerging design practice which involves different non-designers in various co-design activities throughout the process, to help ensure that the designed product/service meets their needs.
In participatory design members of the wider community are also recognized as stakeholders which are able to impact the project. The extent of their involvement can range from being passively informed of a project’s development, to actively sharing their opinions in decision making.
What
Design for humans is often looked up as a standard by many designers, but how is it for people? Market research, focus group, usability testing, and other research methods are useful but sometimes they don't let us know the really important feedback. Sometimes users don't honestly say their ideas because of courtesy. More often users don't really know what they want or what they need, or the emotional level of them is often not quantifiable.
Design with Human is a part of participatory design, bringing users into the design process, in order to understand the psychological or social aspects of the user's ideas or use in the early stages of product development. Use Cases to work together to design a solution.
Why
Designers are not users, neither are product managers nor engineers. In the process of current software development, software often involves or affects various user cultural, political or psychological factors. The knowledge that a product development team needs is not just the product development team itself, but the idea of different aspects and different fields to inspire the best solution.
Imagine that in the process of traditional product design, a product team which lacks a real understanding of the user's needs is given a goal to solve a problem, the design made at this time may not really solve the user's problem, or become a mediocre product. Usually, it becomes Product Manager Driven instead of User-Driven .
Participatory design< gives users an opportunity to participate in the design. However, it is important to know that the users involved in the design do not influence the final product development decisions. Also, they do not have the professional knowledge as the product development team to understand the operation and execution of the entire product.
How
Participatory design is used in various design fields, include industrial design, architectural design, software design, and etc. In fact, there is not a specific way to make a participatory research session, that is, the simpler the better.
Back to our team, in order to expand our influences and to make sure all our human practice activities reach their maximum efficiencies and values, we 1) evaluate who our potential stakeholders are and make sure they participated in our project design, inspiring product modifies to made final product better-fit user’s needs.2) took the research of Sanders, E. B.-N., Brandt, E., & Binder, T. (2010). “A framework for organizing the tools and techniques of participatory design.” as a reference and developed a systematic structure to help us designing activities for human practice and public engagement, it includes three key points:
- Applying with an appropriate Form
- Adhering to core principle or Purpose
- Designing a suitable Process
- Learing from Feedbacks
Furthermore, it involved stakeholders from different aspects of our product. Through this systematic structure, we can not only programmatically arrange our activities but also examine the effectiveness of them. We introduced it to our
human practice even
public engagement. We hope that aside from us, future iGEM teams can also set up their own concept on this foundation.
Form
It describes the conducted time, the kind of the activity that is taking place and how it is been held. For different purpose, there will have different places and ways which is most suitable for the activities. Participatory design sessions can be conducted with either individuals or with people in groups. We classified the forms of our activities into individual, one-to-one interviews, and groups.
Purpose
According to the designation of PD, we came up with three main principle that may be introduced to different activities:
- to stimulate participants interest,
- to let the participants gain information
- to discuss with the participants and let them generate ideas.
Moreover, we will set up a goal for each activity that might either benefit our study or can affect the public.
Process
It includes the detail of the designation of the activities or the document of what the participants do or said without judgment.
Feedbacks
It is an important part for us to realize what the participants think about. We collected the opinions, suggestions, and even encouragements from the participants which is precious to our study and even other sides of our personal abilities. We think that each activity can affect both conductors and participants. We also recorded our thoughts and what we gain from the activities.
References
- Sanders, E. B.-N., Brandt, E., & Binder, T. (2010). A framework for organizing the tools and techniques of participatory design. PDC '10 Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Participatory Design Conference, Pages 195-198
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1900476
https://sci-hub.tw/10.1145/1900441.1900476
- Participate in Design (P!D) http://participateindesign.org/about/organisation
- Liz Sanders, An Evolving Map of Design Practice and Design Research, 2008
- Ines Anić, Participatory Design: What is it, and what makes it so great?, 2015
