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| Imagine that in the process of traditional product design, a product team which lacks a real understanding of the user's needs is given a goal to solve a problem, the design made at this time may not really solve the user's problem, or become a mediocre product. Usually, it becomes <b>Product Manager Driven </b>instead of<b> User-Driven </b>. | | Imagine that in the process of traditional product design, a product team which lacks a real understanding of the user's needs is given a goal to solve a problem, the design made at this time may not really solve the user's problem, or become a mediocre product. Usually, it becomes <b>Product Manager Driven </b>instead of<b> User-Driven </b>. |
| <br> | | <br> |
− | Participatory design< gives users an opportunity to participate in the design. However, it is important to know that the users involved in the design do not influence the final product development decisions. Also, they do not have the professional knowledge as the product development team to understand the operation and execution of the entire product. </p> <h2 class="SubSectionTitle" style="color: blue"><b>How</b> </h2> | + | The participatory design gives users an opportunity to participate in the design. However, it is important to know that the users involved in the design do not influence the final product development decisions. Also, they do not have the professional knowledge as the product development team to understand the operation and execution of the entire product. </p> <h2 class="SubSectionTitle" style="color: blue"><b>How</b> </h2> |
− | <p>Participatory design is used in various design fields, include industrial design, architectural design, software design, and etc. In fact, there is not a specific way to make a participatory research session, that is, the simpler the better.<br> | + | <p>Participatory design is used in various design fields, include industrial design, architectural design, software design, etc. In fact, there is not a specific way to make a participatory research session, that is, the simpler the better.<br> |
| Back to our team, in order to expand our influences and to make sure all our human practice activities reach their maximum efficiencies and values, we <br>1) evaluate who our potential stakeholders are and make sure they participated in our project design, inspiring product modifies to made final product better-fit user’s needs.<br>2) took the research of Sanders, E. B.-N., Brandt, E., & Binder, T. (2010). “A framework for organizing the tools and techniques of participatory design.” as a reference and developed a systematic structure to help us designing activities for human practice and public engagement, it includes three key points:<br> | | Back to our team, in order to expand our influences and to make sure all our human practice activities reach their maximum efficiencies and values, we <br>1) evaluate who our potential stakeholders are and make sure they participated in our project design, inspiring product modifies to made final product better-fit user’s needs.<br>2) took the research of Sanders, E. B.-N., Brandt, E., & Binder, T. (2010). “A framework for organizing the tools and techniques of participatory design.” as a reference and developed a systematic structure to help us designing activities for human practice and public engagement, it includes three key points:<br> |
| <ol> | | <ol> |
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| <div class="ModalDescription"> | | <div class="ModalDescription"> |
| <h3>Form</h3> | | <h3>Form</h3> |
− | <p>We had an interview with Doctor Hui-Xian Pan(潘蕙嫻) on 14th, March at Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital. Dr. Pan is a pediatrician at Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital and also the clinical lecturer of the department of medicine. Her specialty is of pediatric infection, such as unknown fever, pneumonia, otitis media, skin infection and etc. Vaccine, rapid diagnostic test, prevention and treatment of pediatric infection are also her specialties.</p> | + | <p>We had an interview with Doctor Hui-Xian Pan(潘蕙嫻) on 14th, March at Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital. Dr. Pan is a pediatrician at Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital and also the clinical lecturer of the department of medicine. Her specialty is of pediatric infection, such as unknown fever, pneumonia, otitis media, skin infection, etc. Vaccine, rapid diagnostic test, prevention and treatment of pediatric infection are also her specialties.</p> |
| <h3>Purpose</h3> | | <h3>Purpose</h3> |
| <p>Through the interview, we would like to know more about how clinical doctors deal with influenza and what they think of rapid diagnostic tests. Moreover, since doctors are at the front line facing patients, we can also find out what patients and their families think of the issue through interviewing doctors. Doctors are the middlemen between patients and hospitals and even the government, we want to know doctors' standpoint, what they think of hospitals and the government, and what role they act. We drafted the questions below:</p> | | <p>Through the interview, we would like to know more about how clinical doctors deal with influenza and what they think of rapid diagnostic tests. Moreover, since doctors are at the front line facing patients, we can also find out what patients and their families think of the issue through interviewing doctors. Doctors are the middlemen between patients and hospitals and even the government, we want to know doctors' standpoint, what they think of hospitals and the government, and what role they act. We drafted the questions below:</p> |
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| <li>The accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests is not very high. In fact, doctors usually make diagnose with a patient’s clinical symptoms. If the symptoms are typical, doctors still prescribe Tamiflu even when the results of rapid tests are negative. Even doctors aren’t a hundred percent confident if the way of diagnosis the best treatment for patients.</li> | | <li>The accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests is not very high. In fact, doctors usually make diagnose with a patient’s clinical symptoms. If the symptoms are typical, doctors still prescribe Tamiflu even when the results of rapid tests are negative. Even doctors aren’t a hundred percent confident if the way of diagnosis the best treatment for patients.</li> |
| <li>Tamiflu is covered by National Health Insurance, and the limitation for prescribing this medicine will be lowered during the influenza epidemic period. Doctors are able to prescribe Tamiflu even the result of the rapid influenza diagnostic test is negative. Moreover, doctors can prescribe Tamiflu when a patient’s second-degree relatives are infected by influenza but patients being healthy.</li> | | <li>Tamiflu is covered by National Health Insurance, and the limitation for prescribing this medicine will be lowered during the influenza epidemic period. Doctors are able to prescribe Tamiflu even the result of the rapid influenza diagnostic test is negative. Moreover, doctors can prescribe Tamiflu when a patient’s second-degree relatives are infected by influenza but patients being healthy.</li> |
− | <li>For the question that if there is a product that can confirm influenza more accurately and more conveniently, Dr. Pan gave us some ideas. First, for patient’s parents or for patients, they can know what exactly their diseases are. Second, doctors can make confirmation if patients get influenza and would not prescribe the wrong medicine. Third, out of the flu season, doctors can only prescribe Tamiflu if the result of rapid tests are positive. If we can elevate the accuracy of the rapid test, we help doctors solve the problems that not allowed to prescribe Tamiflu while they are confident with their diagnosis, but rapid test showing negative results.</li> | + | <li>For the question that if there is a product that can confirm influenza more accurately and more conveniently, Dr. Pan gave us some ideas. First, for patient’s parents or patients, they can know what exactly their diseases are. Second, doctors can make confirmation if patients get influenza and would not prescribe the wrong medicine. Third, out of the flu season, doctors can only prescribe Tamiflu if the result of rapid tests are positive. If we can elevate the accuracy of the rapid test, we help doctors solve the problems that not allowed to prescribe Tamiflu while they are confident with their diagnosis, but rapid test showing negative results.</li> |
| <li>The cheaper cost of rapid test kits does not have an impact on doctors, because it is hospitals that purchase medical supplies. The price factor is more related to hospitals. For patients, because of the National Health Insurance, the test fee is covered thus patients have no idea about the price. The price factor would only affect the government and hospitals.</li> | | <li>The cheaper cost of rapid test kits does not have an impact on doctors, because it is hospitals that purchase medical supplies. The price factor is more related to hospitals. For patients, because of the National Health Insurance, the test fee is covered thus patients have no idea about the price. The price factor would only affect the government and hospitals.</li> |
| <li>In a general situation, a product that can differentiate type A and B or even the subtype does not have an impact on doctors’ diagnoses. However, for patients with immunodeficiency, the medication would be different. Some patients with immunodeficiency are rejected by some medications. The treatments for specific subtypes must be developed. </li> | | <li>In a general situation, a product that can differentiate type A and B or even the subtype does not have an impact on doctors’ diagnoses. However, for patients with immunodeficiency, the medication would be different. Some patients with immunodeficiency are rejected by some medications. The treatments for specific subtypes must be developed. </li> |
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| <li>Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days. </li> | | <li>Generally, a bacterial culture is performed in a lab, and the whole process takes about 3 to 7 days. </li> |
| <li>The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive. </li> | | <li>The general influenza samples have two forms, blood, and swab. The advantage of a blood sample is a lot amount at one time. The advantage of the swab is non-invasive. </li> |
− | <li>Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there is viruses in the blood, or so-called viremia. </li> | + | <li>Dr. Chang recommended swab as the sample of our influenza rapid test. Since taking a blood sample needs to penetrate patients’ skin with needles, it is more invasive than taking a swab sample and less accepted by patients. Besides, drawing blood can only be conducted by professionally trained people, it isn’t good for promoting simple use. What’s more, a blood sample is valid only when there are viruses in the blood or so-called viremia. </li> |
| <li>Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation. </li> | | <li>Dr. Chang recommended that we design a kit that can test lots of pathogens and is user-friendly, which means everyone, even people who aren’t professionally trained, can use it. To know more about the technique he suggested we visit Adimmune Corporation. </li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
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| <ul> | | <ul> |
| <li>Each company designs a different control line because they use different kinds of mice to produce antibodies. Just to make sure the sample can combine with the control line. Usually, they design various control lines, test and check the result, and choose the best one for production. </li> | | <li>Each company designs a different control line because they use different kinds of mice to produce antibodies. Just to make sure the sample can combine with the control line. Usually, they design various control lines, test and check the result, and choose the best one for production. </li> |
− | <li>The Medical Laboratory doesn’t keep samples after testing, and can’t give samples to us for testing our product, either. Without patients’ consent forms, patients’ samples can only be used for diagnosis. Biotechnical companies usually mix two different kinds of viruses as a sample for product testing at an initial stage. Too many different kinds of virus used at once is not recommended because it becomes hard to analyze the effect factors of the results. Types of viruses that will affect results are noted in Instruction manuals for doctors and laboratory scientists. </li> | + | <li>The Medical Laboratory doesn’t keep samples after testing, and can’t give samples to us for testing our product, either. Without patients’ consent forms, patients’ samples can only be used for diagnosis. Biotechnical companies usually mix two different kinds of viruses as a sample for product testing at an initial stage. Too many different kinds of virus used at once are not recommended because it becomes hard to analyze the effect factors of the results. Types of viruses that will affect results are noted in Instruction manuals for doctors and laboratory scientists. </li> |
| <li>We have to apply for experimental plans in order to get samples from the Medical Laboratory. </li> | | <li>We have to apply for experimental plans in order to get samples from the Medical Laboratory. </li> |
| <li>The experiments to test products with different kinds of viruses must be taken in biosafety level-3 laboratories. </li> | | <li>The experiments to test products with different kinds of viruses must be taken in biosafety level-3 laboratories. </li> |
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| <ul> | | <ul> |
| <li> We saw a product called “Redeye”, which can detect invisible blood in our urine. It helps people discover their diseases such as colorectal cancer, kidney disease, bladder cancer earlier. It gives people awareness and makes them go to hospitals earlier for appropriate treatments. We found that early detection is very important in every kind of disease. People can use the device at home, which avoids the inconvenience of going to hospitals or getting invasive examinations. The company which produced “Redeye” wanted to combine their product with smart toilets and helped people examine their health with excreta. The device can connect to smartphones through wifi to get data.</li> | | <li> We saw a product called “Redeye”, which can detect invisible blood in our urine. It helps people discover their diseases such as colorectal cancer, kidney disease, bladder cancer earlier. It gives people awareness and makes them go to hospitals earlier for appropriate treatments. We found that early detection is very important in every kind of disease. People can use the device at home, which avoids the inconvenience of going to hospitals or getting invasive examinations. The company which produced “Redeye” wanted to combine their product with smart toilets and helped people examine their health with excreta. The device can connect to smartphones through wifi to get data.</li> |
− | <li> We saw many companies emphasized that their devices can detect many kinds of diseases or abnormal body function index. There was a product called “MSA—Blood” which can detect problems with a very small amount of patients’ blood. It can detect diabetes mellitus, liver function, cardiac function, kidney function, metabolism function and etc. Because of its convenience and fast analyze time, it can be used in some specific places such as clinics, care centers, nursing houses, ambulances, community health centers, schools, or rural areas. With these advantages, it might be possible to use it in every single family in the future. The market strategies and applications of this device are similar to ours.</li> | + | <li> We saw many companies emphasized that their devices can detect many kinds of diseases or abnormal body function index. There was a product called “MSA—Blood” which can detect problems with a very small amount of patients’ blood. It can detect diabetes mellitus, liver function, cardiac function, kidney function, metabolism function, etc. Because of its convenience and fast analyze time, it can be used in some specific places such as clinics, care centers, nursing houses, ambulances, community health centers, schools, or rural areas. With these advantages, it might be possible to use it in every single family in the future. The market strategies and applications of this device are similar to ours.</li> |
− | <li> There were many posters and reports talking about the development of medicine, we were very impressed by one of them. The report was about the history of the development of infectious diseases in Taiwan, from SARS to influenza. The next trend of influenza is often predicted by WHO. But what can we do if WHO doesn’t predict right? The president of Min-Sheng General Hospital—Chiung-Lang Wang pointed out that if there is a shortage of the supplement of vaccines, or WHO predicts the wrong subtype of influenza for us to make vaccines, clinical workers and senior managers in hospitals will be under great pressure. In this situation, what hospitals and the public need are the technique of rapid diagnostic tests to help them figure out whether the disease is serious or slight. He recommended that faster and more efficient rapid diagnostic tests need to be developed. </li> | + | <li> Many posters and reports were talking about the development of medicine, we were very impressed by one of them. The report was about the history of the development of infectious diseases in Taiwan, from SARS to influenza. The next trend of influenza is often predicted by WHO. But what can we do if WHO doesn’t predict right? The president of Min-Sheng General Hospital—Chiung-Lang Wang pointed out that if there is a shortage of the supplement of vaccines, or WHO predicts the wrong subtype of influenza for us to make vaccines, clinical workers and senior managers in hospitals will be under great pressure. In this situation, what hospitals and the public need are the technique of rapid diagnostic tests to help them figure out whether the disease is serious or slight. He recommended that faster and more efficient rapid diagnostic tests need to be developed. </li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
| <h3>Feedback</h3> | | <h3>Feedback</h3> |
− | <p>Through visiting the exhibition, we saw many different kinds of diagnostic products. These products could be used not only in hospitals or clinics but also in some institutions which need more medical care, such as nursing houses, community centers and etc. Moreover, we found out the importance of more rapid and efficient rapid diagnostic tests which can help control epidemics.</p> | + | <p>Through visiting the exhibition, we saw many different kinds of diagnostic products. These products could be used not only in hospitals or clinics but also in some institutions which need more medical care, such as nursing houses, community centers, etc. Moreover, we found out the importance of more rapid and efficient rapid diagnostic tests which can help control epidemics.</p> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| <div class="ModalFunFact"> | | <div class="ModalFunFact"> |
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| <li>The band of the product that appeared at about 100 bp may be the result of the double-stranded PCR product which hadn’t denatured, so the position of the band was higher than 87 bp which we expected. If there was no band, it represented that there was no product for PCR. </li> | | <li>The band of the product that appeared at about 100 bp may be the result of the double-stranded PCR product which hadn’t denatured, so the position of the band was higher than 87 bp which we expected. If there was no band, it represented that there was no product for PCR. </li> |
| <li>Although the ladder-like by-products had occurred in the past, it hadn’t occurred that all by-products gathered at the top. However, a strong signal should be caused by its high molecular weight, not its volume.</li> | | <li>Although the ladder-like by-products had occurred in the past, it hadn’t occurred that all by-products gathered at the top. However, a strong signal should be caused by its high molecular weight, not its volume.</li> |
− | <li>The professor recommended that we conducted SELEX experiment as follows: | + | <li>The professor recommended that we conducted the SELEX experiment as follows: |
| <ul> | | <ul> |
| <li>Step: SELEX – PCR with Elution – Check by DNA page – Denature – Renature – Purify – Cryopreservation – Denature – Renature – SELEX</li> | | <li>Step: SELEX – PCR with Elution – Check by DNA page – Denature – Renature – Purify – Cryopreservation – Denature – Renature – SELEX</li> |
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| <li>Were the cases reported to the government diagnosed by using rapid influenza diagnostic tests, or according to their symptoms? </li> | | <li>Were the cases reported to the government diagnosed by using rapid influenza diagnostic tests, or according to their symptoms? </li> |
| <li>Most of the rapid influenza diagnostic test nowadays have the problem of false negativities. Does it an issue for the government during the prevention works? </li> | | <li>Most of the rapid influenza diagnostic test nowadays have the problem of false negativities. Does it an issue for the government during the prevention works? </li> |
− | <li>Is the disease spreading map helpful for preventing influenza in Taiwan, or in developing countries? </li> | + | <li>Is the disease spreading map helpful for preventing influenza in Taiwan, or developing countries? </li> |
| <li>Where are the influenza virus during the rest period between every outbreak? Is it possible to stop the spreading of the virus during the rest period? </li> | | <li>Where are the influenza virus during the rest period between every outbreak? Is it possible to stop the spreading of the virus during the rest period? </li> |
| <li>If there is a product which can detect influenza more rapidly, correctly, and even cheaper, what impact will it bring to the public or the government? </li> | | <li>If there is a product which can detect influenza more rapidly, correctly, and even cheaper, what impact will it bring to the public or the government? </li> |
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| <h3>Process</h3> | | <h3>Process</h3> |
| <ul> | | <ul> |
− | <li>Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) will collect the data from laboratories engaged by special arrangement. These laboratories in every city cultivate the virus and report the data to CDC. After CDC collects and analyzes the data, they announce the subtypes of influenza viruses that are prevalent each week. If there’s a rapid diagnostic test with higher accuracy and efficiency, it would help the government for the statistics of epidemiology. </li> | + | <li>Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) will collect the data from laboratories engaged by special arrangement. These laboratories in every city cultivate the virus and report the data to the CDC. After CDC collects and analyzes the data, they announce the subtypes of influenza viruses that are prevalent each week. If there’s a rapid diagnostic test with higher accuracy and efficiency, it would help the government for the statistics of epidemiology. </li> |
| <li>Most of rapid influenza diagnostic test products nowadays have up to 50% of false negativities. Doctors will take the result of these products as a reference, and consider other factors such as individual symptoms. </li> | | <li>Most of rapid influenza diagnostic test products nowadays have up to 50% of false negativities. Doctors will take the result of these products as a reference, and consider other factors such as individual symptoms. </li> |
| <li>There are many subtypes of influenza viruses, so it is hard to combine all of the subtypes in one rapid influenza diagnostic test. If only some common ones, it might be possible. It might have an impact on the type of influenza vaccine the government buys. </li> | | <li>There are many subtypes of influenza viruses, so it is hard to combine all of the subtypes in one rapid influenza diagnostic test. If only some common ones, it might be possible. It might have an impact on the type of influenza vaccine the government buys. </li> |
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| <li>For general non-government institutions, the cases reported have to be diagnosed by doctors. Doctors take the results of rapid influenza diagnostic tests as a reference, combined with patients’ symptoms to make diagnoses. </li> | | <li>For general non-government institutions, the cases reported have to be diagnosed by doctors. Doctors take the results of rapid influenza diagnostic tests as a reference, combined with patients’ symptoms to make diagnoses. </li> |
| <li>The disease spreading map is not useful for the prevention works in Taiwan. For the one-day-life circle in Taiwan, the virus could spread around Taiwan in a very short time. For the developing countries which their traffic is inconvenient or with broad territories, it may be helpful. </li> | | <li>The disease spreading map is not useful for the prevention works in Taiwan. For the one-day-life circle in Taiwan, the virus could spread around Taiwan in a very short time. For the developing countries which their traffic is inconvenient or with broad territories, it may be helpful. </li> |
− | <li>During the rest period between each outbreak, influenza viruses don’t disappear,. However, they exist in human bodies. It is hard to find all of the influenza viruses during the rest period and eliminate them. </li> | + | <li>During the rest period between each outbreak, influenza viruses don’t disappear. However, they exist in human bodies. It is hard to find all of the influenza viruses during the rest period and eliminate them. </li> |
− | <li>If there is a product that can detect influenza more rapidly, correctly, and even cheaper, the clinics will be willing to buy so they can know if the patients are infected by influenza in a more efficient way. The government can also start their prevention works earlier and additionally prevent the widespread of influenza viruses. </li> | + | <li>If there is a product that can detect influenza more rapidly, correctly, and even cheaper, the clinics will be willing to buy so they can know if the patients are infected by influenza more efficiently. The government can also start their prevention works earlier and additionally prevent the widespread of influenza viruses. </li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
| <h3>Feedback</h3> | | <h3>Feedback</h3> |
− | <p>During the interview, we found that the rapid diagnostic test products nowadays are of low sensitivities. Although doctors make diagnoses combined with patients’ symptoms, they aren’t actually confident if they are always right. While the government has the responsibility to prevent the spread of influenza, it is vital that influenza being diagnosed earlier and correctly to help the government promote preventing work smoothly. Besides, we found that our product could help the statistic of epidemiology. The officials encouraged us to develop our product and it might be helpful for preventing influenza. Last but not least, we learned what exactly the works the government does to fight against influenza.</p> | + | <p>During the interview, we found that the rapid diagnostic test products nowadays are of low sensitivities. Although doctors make diagnoses combined with patients’ symptoms, they aren’t confident if they are always right. While the government has the responsibility to prevent the spread of influenza, it is vital that influenza being diagnosed earlier and correctly to help the government promote preventing work smoothly. Besides, we found that our product could help the statistic of epidemiology. The officials encouraged us to develop our product and it might help prevent influenza. Last but not least, we learned what exactly the works the government does to fight against influenza.</p> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| <ul> | | <ul> |
| <li>Dengue fever is a major project for the prevention of infectious diseases in Taiwan every year. AsiaGen Corporation developed the product “Dengue fever NS1 rapid diagnose test” and it is the only product certificated in Taiwan now. The product can detect 4 types of dengue fever at the same time. While using RT-PCR, it needs 6 hours to get the result, this product only takes 30 minutes to examine dengue fever. It is a very convenient product, consuming little time and saving spaces. The product has 98-99% of sensitivity and has low false negativities. However, it is only for front line examination use. Dengue fever has to be confirmed by rTP—ELISA. </li> | | <li>Dengue fever is a major project for the prevention of infectious diseases in Taiwan every year. AsiaGen Corporation developed the product “Dengue fever NS1 rapid diagnose test” and it is the only product certificated in Taiwan now. The product can detect 4 types of dengue fever at the same time. While using RT-PCR, it needs 6 hours to get the result, this product only takes 30 minutes to examine dengue fever. It is a very convenient product, consuming little time and saving spaces. The product has 98-99% of sensitivity and has low false negativities. However, it is only for front line examination use. Dengue fever has to be confirmed by rTP—ELISA. </li> |
− | <li>We asked them about how they confirm the sensitivity. They said they have tested it by the dengue virus in their laboratory. Besides, they suggested us test our product with the whole influenza virus. </li> | + | <li>We asked them about how they confirm the sensitivity. They said they have tested it by the dengue virus in their laboratory. Besides, they suggested we test our product with the whole influenza virus. </li> |
| <li>They suggested we visit the Innovation Incubation Center of our school, for the questions such as applying for patents. </li> | | <li>They suggested we visit the Innovation Incubation Center of our school, for the questions such as applying for patents. </li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
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| <li>As for the idea to apply aptamers to preventive medicine, peptide vaccines. A peptide vaccine is any peptide that serves to immunize an organism against a pathogen. They are often synthetic and mimic naturally occurring proteins from pathogens. The researchers said the immune response of human bodies is so complicated that the development of the vaccine would be difficult. Most of the vaccines were mostly been found accidentally. </li> | | <li>As for the idea to apply aptamers to preventive medicine, peptide vaccines. A peptide vaccine is any peptide that serves to immunize an organism against a pathogen. They are often synthetic and mimic naturally occurring proteins from pathogens. The researchers said the immune response of human bodies is so complicated that the development of the vaccine would be difficult. Most of the vaccines were mostly been found accidentally. </li> |
| <li>The idea of applying aptamer to automated wafer technology is very good, but we need a more detailed operating mechanism to know if it is feasible. We can imagine a scene and think of the design, such as applying automated wafer technology to a microrobot or an aerial camera. </li> | | <li>The idea of applying aptamer to automated wafer technology is very good, but we need a more detailed operating mechanism to know if it is feasible. We can imagine a scene and think of the design, such as applying automated wafer technology to a microrobot or an aerial camera. </li> |
− | <li>We have to provide data about the processing speed. Since the subtypes change quickly, it is vital that the process becomes faster. </li> | + | <li>We have to provide data about the processing speed. Since the subtypes change quickly, the process must become faster. </li> |
| <li>We can use “Hai” to perform blood cell coagulation experiments first, and we can get the results in a few hours. </li> | | <li>We can use “Hai” to perform blood cell coagulation experiments first, and we can get the results in a few hours. </li> |
| <li>Start with influenza, in the future, we can apply it to other targets such as Enterovirus 71. </li> | | <li>Start with influenza, in the future, we can apply it to other targets such as Enterovirus 71. </li> |
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| <li>It isn’t difficult for our product to pass the regulations and for manufacture. It is possible for this technique to enter the market. </li> | | <li>It isn’t difficult for our product to pass the regulations and for manufacture. It is possible for this technique to enter the market. </li> |
| <li>If there are advantages in price and accuracy over the existing antibody type products, it is affirmative that our product replaces them someday. </li> | | <li>If there are advantages in price and accuracy over the existing antibody type products, it is affirmative that our product replaces them someday. </li> |
− | <li>We can find some companies, teams or papers doing research about market analysis or buy the data from companies. Besides, we can ask foreign companies. </li> | + | <li>We can find some companies, teams or papers researching market analysis or buy the data from companies. Besides, we can ask foreign companies. </li> |
| <li>It is vital that we pay attention to the regulatory issues when modifying a product, and to comply with government regulations while doing research and developing. </li> | | <li>It is vital that we pay attention to the regulatory issues when modifying a product, and to comply with government regulations while doing research and developing. </li> |
| <li>We have to make a substantial comparison figure for products used nowadays. If the price of us is lower and easier to manufacture than antibodies-type rapid tests. The existing products will be replaced by aptamers-type ones in all aspects.</li> | | <li>We have to make a substantial comparison figure for products used nowadays. If the price of us is lower and easier to manufacture than antibodies-type rapid tests. The existing products will be replaced by aptamers-type ones in all aspects.</li> |
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| <ul> | | <ul> |
| <li>eNano Health Limited--Kiss & Tell—1st ever Saliva-Based Glucose Monitor: The product takes saliva as a sample instead of blood to examine glucose.</li> | | <li>eNano Health Limited--Kiss & Tell—1st ever Saliva-Based Glucose Monitor: The product takes saliva as a sample instead of blood to examine glucose.</li> |
− | <li>eNano Health Limited--Manage Health Risk Before Feeling Sick: The product let users know their eating conditions through convenient testing tools. If there is a risk of their health (such as a high-risk group of diabetes), the users can eat the food developed by the company “eNANO P4 Food”. Users can use the App to share data with physicians and track their physical condition at any time to achieve health management. </li> | + | <li>eNano Health Limited--Manage Health Risk Before Feeling Sick: The product lets users know their eating conditions through convenient testing tools. If there is a risk of their health (such as a high-risk group of diabetes), the users can eat the food developed by the company “eNANO P4 Food”. Users can use the App to share data with physicians and track their physical condition at any time to achieve health management. </li> |
| <li>Helios Bioelectronics Inc. --Disease detection platform: The probe is coated on an electronic wafer, and the sample is reacted with the wafer, and then an electronic sensor is used to know whether a disease is present or not. The sample can be nucleic acids, proteins or cells. Through real-time digital results, combined with big data analysis, it can assist clinical diagnosis to achieve precise medical goals. The probes are coated on the electronic wafer by using covalent bonds, and they are well designed and were highly specific. Because the cost of the wafer is high and the entire wafer can’t be full of probes, so a dot distribution is required. In addition, the wafer is currently not reusable. The product directly relies on the change of the electrical signal to know the result (coloring is more troublesome). </li> | | <li>Helios Bioelectronics Inc. --Disease detection platform: The probe is coated on an electronic wafer, and the sample is reacted with the wafer, and then an electronic sensor is used to know whether a disease is present or not. The sample can be nucleic acids, proteins or cells. Through real-time digital results, combined with big data analysis, it can assist clinical diagnosis to achieve precise medical goals. The probes are coated on the electronic wafer by using covalent bonds, and they are well designed and were highly specific. Because the cost of the wafer is high and the entire wafer can’t be full of probes, so a dot distribution is required. In addition, the wafer is currently not reusable. The product directly relies on the change of the electrical signal to know the result (coloring is more troublesome). </li> |
| <li>Papivax Biotech Inc.--HPV therapeutic vaccine: The HPV vaccine currently on the market is a preventive vaccine. However, the incubation period of HPV is long. If the abnormality is detected but not reach the level of becoming cancer, the patient will have to endure this unknown suffering for a long time (about 5~10 years). Therefore, the newly developed therapeutic vaccine, using prime-boost therapy, can break into the DNA fragment of HPV, activate T cells through cellular immunity, attack infected cells, and prevent infection from spreading. We asked the researchers of the company some questions about how to avoid DNA degradation. They said it is difficult to know and they have observed through the amount of virus in the course of treatment. Then we asked how to confirm that the DNA injected to human bodies won’t become another pathogen. They said these DNAs do not enter cells but only induce T cells.</li> | | <li>Papivax Biotech Inc.--HPV therapeutic vaccine: The HPV vaccine currently on the market is a preventive vaccine. However, the incubation period of HPV is long. If the abnormality is detected but not reach the level of becoming cancer, the patient will have to endure this unknown suffering for a long time (about 5~10 years). Therefore, the newly developed therapeutic vaccine, using prime-boost therapy, can break into the DNA fragment of HPV, activate T cells through cellular immunity, attack infected cells, and prevent infection from spreading. We asked the researchers of the company some questions about how to avoid DNA degradation. They said it is difficult to know and they have observed through the amount of virus in the course of treatment. Then we asked how to confirm that the DNA injected to human bodies won’t become another pathogen. They said these DNAs do not enter cells but only induce T cells.</li> |
− | <li>La vida Tech—WaCare: The product plays a role in preventive medicine. It helps users connect with friends and relatives, hospitals and health education units by entering various indicators of a body to form a network of care. If there are any abnormalities, the users’ friends, relatives or physicians can immediately know the situations and remind them. As for online health consultation and remote medicine, if users have health-related concerns, they can get professional and correct information through consultation with dietitians, pharmacists, and doctors. </li> | + | <li>La Vida Tech—WaCare: The product plays a role in preventive medicine. It helps users connect with friends and relatives, hospitals and health education units by entering various indicators of a body to form a network of care. If there are any abnormalities, the users’ friends, relatives or physicians can immediately know the situations and remind them. As for online health consultation and remote medicine, if users have health-related concerns, they can get professional and correct information through consultation with dietitians, pharmacists, and doctors. </li> |
| <li>Studio1labs—Smart Sheet: Through the sensing elements inside the sheets, the heartbeat, breathing, posture changes of a patient lying on it are detected. Chronic disease and the condition of a postoperative patient can also be tracked. </li> | | <li>Studio1labs—Smart Sheet: Through the sensing elements inside the sheets, the heartbeat, breathing, posture changes of a patient lying on it are detected. Chronic disease and the condition of a postoperative patient can also be tracked. </li> |
| <li>Guzip Biomarkers Corporation—Cervical cancer detection paper: By detecting the methylation of DNA on the uterine surface, the product can determine whether there is a potential risk of cervical cancer. </li> | | <li>Guzip Biomarkers Corporation—Cervical cancer detection paper: By detecting the methylation of DNA on the uterine surface, the product can determine whether there is a potential risk of cervical cancer. </li> |
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| <li>The principle is that when the target substance in the sample is attached to the probe (aptamer), it changes the electronic arrangement of the wafer and further changes the electrical signal. In order to make the wafer reusable, we then think about whether there is any way to get the attached object to fall off the probe. The probe is connected to the target by hydrogen bonding, and the probe and the wafer are connected by covalent bonds. There should be other methods. </li> | | <li>The principle is that when the target substance in the sample is attached to the probe (aptamer), it changes the electronic arrangement of the wafer and further changes the electrical signal. In order to make the wafer reusable, we then think about whether there is any way to get the attached object to fall off the probe. The probe is connected to the target by hydrogen bonding, and the probe and the wafer are connected by covalent bonds. There should be other methods. </li> |
| <li>Papivax Biotech Inc.--HPV therapeutic vaccine: We came up with an idea of applying our product to a therapeutic vaccine. The company's products correspond to the concept of our therapeutic vaccine. The therapeutic vaccines of our works also include the part of injecting DNA (aptamer) into bodies, but the principle is different. Our concept is inhibiting viruses to infect cells by binding to the viruses. Their product injects DNA into human bodies. It helped us figure out the problem that whether aptamer will degrade in human bodies and whether it will become another risk of infection. After the interview, we started to study how to stabilize the DNA injected into human bodies and how to enhance the signal. </li> | | <li>Papivax Biotech Inc.--HPV therapeutic vaccine: We came up with an idea of applying our product to a therapeutic vaccine. The company's products correspond to the concept of our therapeutic vaccine. The therapeutic vaccines of our works also include the part of injecting DNA (aptamer) into bodies, but the principle is different. Our concept is inhibiting viruses to infect cells by binding to the viruses. Their product injects DNA into human bodies. It helped us figure out the problem that whether aptamer will degrade in human bodies and whether it will become another risk of infection. After the interview, we started to study how to stabilize the DNA injected into human bodies and how to enhance the signal. </li> |
− | <li>La vida Tech—WaCare: We asked the possibility of introducing our product to their App. The results of our product can be determined by naked eyes and it doesn’t require special equipment. Small-scaled hospitals, clinics, and even kindergartens can use our product and get results directly. However, since the accuracy of influenza screening is not very high, there may be false-negative results. If our product integrates with the app, users can get diagnosed through the results of our product and symptoms. They can also get medical advice and information. We thought it a great opportunity to cooperate with the company and develop an App.</li> | + | <li>La Vida Tech—WaCare: We asked the possibility of introducing our product to their App. The results of our product can be determined by naked eyes and it doesn’t require special equipment. Small-scaled hospitals, clinics, and even kindergartens can use our product and get results directly. However, since the accuracy of influenza screening is not very high, there may be false-negative results. If our product integrates with the app, users can get diagnosed through the results of our product and symptoms. They can also get medical advice and information. We thought it a great opportunity to cooperate with the company and develop an App.</li> |
| <li>It was a precious opportunity to know different products in the market. There were many inspiring ideas at this conference. We came up with more concepts that we can apply to aptamers after attending this conference. We not only inspected and studied from other newly developed products but we also confirmed some of our idea through the discussion with the entrepreneurs. </li> | | <li>It was a precious opportunity to know different products in the market. There were many inspiring ideas at this conference. We came up with more concepts that we can apply to aptamers after attending this conference. We not only inspected and studied from other newly developed products but we also confirmed some of our idea through the discussion with the entrepreneurs. </li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
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| <ul> | | <ul> |
| <li>Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a type of committee that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research to ensure that they are ethical. While IRB reviewing applications, the committee members will check if our experimental procedures comply with laboratory safety specifications. We had to take notice of laboratory safety specifications.</li> | | <li>Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a type of committee that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research to ensure that they are ethical. While IRB reviewing applications, the committee members will check if our experimental procedures comply with laboratory safety specifications. We had to take notice of laboratory safety specifications.</li> |
− | <li>Rapid diagnostic tests belong to the category of medical equipment. Before getting into the market, it has to pass IRB and the examination of the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA). Before passing IRB, it is still at the testing phase. In the future, it will have to conduct clinical trials, documents of the experimental designation, procedure and the environment should be submitted to IRB. Moreover, there will be a Sociologist examining whether the clinical trial is ethical. </li> | + | <li>Rapid diagnostic tests belong to the category of medical equipment. Before getting into the market, it has to pass IRB and the examination of the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA). Before passing IRB, it is still at the testing phase. In the future, it will have to conduct clinical trials, documents of the experimental designation, procedure, and the environment should be submitted to IRB. Moreover, there will be a Sociologist examining whether the clinical trial is ethical. </li> |
| <li>The issue which our products would confront is whether our product could get into the market before the outbreak. Other issues are that the advantages of detecting subtypes would be useless if WHO predicted the wrong subtypes with the help of our product. </li> | | <li>The issue which our products would confront is whether our product could get into the market before the outbreak. Other issues are that the advantages of detecting subtypes would be useless if WHO predicted the wrong subtypes with the help of our product. </li> |
| <li>As for the therapeutic vaccine, it belongs to the category of medical equipment. It has to conduct clinical trials and pass the examination of TFDA. Besides, therapeutic vaccines belong to the third level of medical equipment. </li> | | <li>As for the therapeutic vaccine, it belongs to the category of medical equipment. It has to conduct clinical trials and pass the examination of TFDA. Besides, therapeutic vaccines belong to the third level of medical equipment. </li> |
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| </ul> | | </ul> |
| <h3>Feedback</h3> | | <h3>Feedback</h3> |
− | <p>After the interview, we learned thoroughly about the ethical and legal issues while developing our product and while getting into the market. We found that our product could have great impact on the prediction of the influenza subtype next season, resulting in the fact that our product needs to take responsibility. Besides, we got to know more details about the Institution Review Board(IRB), including the principles of a clinical trial. Because our product is related to medical, we thought it is important to be aware of the patients’ rights, too. In the end, Prof. Niu encouraged us to explore more about clinical trials and the rules of IRB.</p> | + | <p>After the interview, we learned thoroughly about the ethical and legal issues while developing our product and while getting into the market. We found that our product could have a great impact on the prediction of the influenza subtype next season, resulting in the fact that our product needs to take responsibility. Besides, we got to know more details about the Institution Review Board(IRB), including the principles of a clinical trial. Because our product is related to medical, we thought it is important to be aware of the patients’ rights, too. In the end, Prof. Niu encouraged us to explore more about clinical trials and the rules of IRB.</p> |
| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| <h3>Process</h3> | | <h3>Process</h3> |
| <ul> | | <ul> |
− | <li>The government usually inspects the poultry farms that are more willing to be inspected. There are many poultry farms that often refuse their random inspection, which might be a risk to the public. The research institute often checks the poultry farms by taking the sample of some poultries and take the sample to the laboratory to analyze them through RT-PCR. | + | <li>The government usually inspects the poultry farms that are more willing to be inspected. Many poultry farms often refuse their random inspection, which might be a risk to the public. The research institute often checks the poultry farms by taking the sample of some poultries and take the sample to the laboratory to analyze them through RT-PCR. |
| </li> | | </li> |
− | <li>There are many poultry farms that are not willing to be inspected. And for those farms agreed, not all of them would be inspected. The government visits some of the farms, collecting samples, and send them to the laboratory to analyze. The problem of preventing work is not the detecting methods but that many poultry farms are not included in the prevention works. | + | <li> Many poultry farms are not willing to be inspected. And for those farms agreed, not all of them would be inspected. The government visits some of the farms, collecting samples, and send them to the laboratory to analyze. The problem of preventing work is not the detecting methods but that many poultry farms are not included in the prevention works. |
| </li> | | </li> |
| <li>RT-PCR is a precise way to examine if there is a virus of Avian influenza in samples. Using a rapid diagnostic test cannot get an accurate result. Besides, examining all of the poultries with rapid diagnostic tests is time-consuming and unnecessary. It is more efficient to examine with RT-PCR. | | <li>RT-PCR is a precise way to examine if there is a virus of Avian influenza in samples. Using a rapid diagnostic test cannot get an accurate result. Besides, examining all of the poultries with rapid diagnostic tests is time-consuming and unnecessary. It is more efficient to examine with RT-PCR. |
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| <li>Aside from the problem that many poultry farms are not involved in Avian influenza prevention work, the problem of self-inspection of Avian influenza worth noticing. The government set up compensation for the poultry farms affected by Avian influenza. However, many farmers are not willing to report to the government that their poultries are inflected by Avian influenza. If they do so, the government will cull all of the poultries and the compensation is not enough to cover their losses. This results in the problem that only little farmers would report to the government about epidemics. | | <li>Aside from the problem that many poultry farms are not involved in Avian influenza prevention work, the problem of self-inspection of Avian influenza worth noticing. The government set up compensation for the poultry farms affected by Avian influenza. However, many farmers are not willing to report to the government that their poultries are inflected by Avian influenza. If they do so, the government will cull all of the poultries and the compensation is not enough to cover their losses. This results in the problem that only little farmers would report to the government about epidemics. |
| </li> | | </li> |
− | <li>It might be useful if there is a method that can help the government early detect epidemics of Avian influenza. It is important that all the poultry farms are included in preventing works. It helps the government master the situation and make responses in advance. | + | <li>It might be useful if there is a method that can help the government early detect epidemics of Avian influenza. All the poultry farms must be included in preventing works. It helps the government master the situation and make responses in advance. |
| </li> | | </li> |
| <li>As for migratory birds, the method they use to detect Avian influenza is that some experts collect samples of migratory birds and send them to the research institute to analyze. Because the samples are only of little amount, they often analyze them through RT-PCR. If they find Avian influenza in the sample, they will give the information to the media and remind other farmers to be aware of it.</li> | | <li>As for migratory birds, the method they use to detect Avian influenza is that some experts collect samples of migratory birds and send them to the research institute to analyze. Because the samples are only of little amount, they often analyze them through RT-PCR. If they find Avian influenza in the sample, they will give the information to the media and remind other farmers to be aware of it.</li> |
Human Practice structure
Participatory Design (PD)
Participatory Design is an emerging design practice which involves different non-designers in various co-design activities throughout the process, to help ensure that the designed product/service meets their needs.
In participatory design, members of the wider community are also recognized as stakeholders which are able to impact the project. The extent of their involvement can range from being passively informed of a project’s development, to actively sharing their opinions in decision making.
What
Design for humans is often looked up as a standard by many designers, but how is it for people? Market research, focus group, usability testing, and other research methods are useful but sometimes they don't let us know the really important feedback. Sometimes users don't honestly say their ideas because of courtesy. More often users don't really know what they want or what they need, or the emotional level of them is often not quantifiable.
Design with Human is a part of participatory design, bringing users into the design process, in order to understand the psychological or social aspects of the user's ideas or use in the early stages of product development. Use Cases to work together to design a solution.
Why
Designers are not users, neither are product managers nor engineers. In the process of current software development, software often involves or affects various user cultural, political or psychological factors. The knowledge that a product development team needs is not just the product development team itself, but the idea of different aspects and different fields to inspire the best solution.
Imagine that in the process of traditional product design, a product team which lacks a real understanding of the user's needs is given a goal to solve a problem, the design made at this time may not really solve the user's problem, or become a mediocre product. Usually, it becomes Product Manager Driven instead of User-Driven .
The participatory design gives users an opportunity to participate in the design. However, it is important to know that the users involved in the design do not influence the final product development decisions. Also, they do not have the professional knowledge as the product development team to understand the operation and execution of the entire product.
How
Participatory design is used in various design fields, include industrial design, architectural design, software design, etc. In fact, there is not a specific way to make a participatory research session, that is, the simpler the better.
Back to our team, in order to expand our influences and to make sure all our human practice activities reach their maximum efficiencies and values, we
1) evaluate who our potential stakeholders are and make sure they participated in our project design, inspiring product modifies to made final product better-fit user’s needs.
2) took the research of Sanders, E. B.-N., Brandt, E., & Binder, T. (2010). “A framework for organizing the tools and techniques of participatory design.” as a reference and developed a systematic structure to help us designing activities for human practice and public engagement, it includes three key points:
- Applying with an appropriate Form
- Adhering to core principle or Purpose
- Designing a suitable Process
- Learing from Feedbacks
Furthermore, it involved stakeholders from different aspects of our product. Through this systematic structure, we can not only programmatically arrange our activities but also examine the effectiveness of them. We introduced it to our
human practice even
public engagement. We hope that aside from us, future iGEM teams can also set up their own concept on this foundation.
Form
It describes the conducted time, the kind of the activity that is taking place and how it is been held. For different purpose, there will have different places and ways which is most suitable for the activities. Participatory design sessions can be conducted with either individuals or with people in groups. We classified the forms of our activities into individual, one-to-one interviews, and groups.
Purpose
According to the designation of PD, we came up with three main principle that may be introduced to different activities:
- to stimulate participants interest,
- to let the participants gain information
- to discuss with the participants and let them generate ideas.
Moreover, we would set up a goal for each activity that might either benefit our study or can affect the public.
Process
It includes the detail of the designation of the activities or the document of what the participants do or said without judgment.
Feedbacks
It is an important part for us to realize what the participants think about. We collected the opinions, suggestions, and even encouragements from the participants which is precious to our study and even other sides of our personal abilities. We think that each activity can affect both conductors and participants. We also recorded our thoughts and what we gain from the activities.