Difference between revisions of "Team:Costa Rica/Human Practices"
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| − | + | <br> | |
| − | + | <p>Human practices are meant to explain why our project is important to the world. Here we present how we do | |
| − | + | an intense work to inform the people of Costa Rica about Synthetic Biology, iGEM and the new | |
| − | + | possibilities of Engineered Probiotics.</p> | |
| − | + | </div> | |
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| − | + | <center onclick="currentSlide(2)" class="medal">Integrated Human Practice</center> | |
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| − | + | <div class="col-md-9" style="padding-left: 6em;padding-right: 2em; "> | |
| − | + | <h2 class="title-text">Science Through Dance</h2> | |
| − | + | <p>If there is something that we can be sure of is the primitive need that human being has | |
| − | + | to understand and describe the world that surrounds us. Both science and art, are | |
| − | + | avatars of human creativity, created to facilitate the process of understanding and | |
| − | + | expressing. Nevertheless, most people use to think about them as separated fields. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | + | <p>That’s why, using our background in science and the experience as a dance teacher of one | |
| − | + | of our team members, we fusioned them in a special show, named Science Through Dance. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | + | <p>The show Science Through Dance, gave us the opportunity to bring science and dance to the | |
| − | + | table, where dancers, scientists, dance parents, university teachers and many supportive | |
| − | + | people experienced, enjoyed, felt and learnt from it. It’s important to say that this | |
| − | + | space was also a way to demonstrate the capabilities of the country in these areas, | |
| − | + | which often go unnoticed or unconnected. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | + | <p>To achieve the goal, we contacted scientists, dancers from all ages and one of the most | |
| − | + | famous theatres in Costa Rica. First, for science section, we counted with Rosalind | |
| − | + | Innovations, a biotech-social entrepreneurship who spoke of the magnificence of nature | |
| − | + | and the unbelievable biotech projects that emerged from it. Also, 4 chemistry students | |
| − | + | from the University of Costa Rica, elaborated an incredible show, where they made and | |
| − | + | explained amazing experiments. Additionally, our team presented the project we are | |
| − | + | taking to the iGEM competition. As for the dance section, we counted with 90 dancers | |
| − | + | from 7 to 35 years old, from beginners to nationally and internationally recognized | |
| − | + | dancers. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | + | <p>Disciplines preformed were from Ballet to Jazz, Tap, Hip Hop, Contemporary, Lyric, Latin | |
| − | + | Dance, Antigravity, Break Dance and African Dance. All of them appreciated by 285 | |
| − | + | spectators. The show was covered by Novum Comunicaciones S.A., a company who took all | |
| − | + | astonishing photos you can see in the next slideshow. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
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| − | + | <h2>iGEMxSDGs Challenge</h2> | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | *Insertar imagen: Logo SDG | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | <p>In collaboration with the 2019 iGEM teams from Taipei American School (Taiwan) and the University of Tübingen (Germany), we created a challenge related with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. This three continents and different time zones collab, was born to promote the SDGs and show the iGEM 2019’s footprint in the advancement of a global sustainable development. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | + | *Foto n45* | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | <p>iGEMxSDGs challenge’s inspiration is the current need to address the global challenges we are facing and we will potentially face in the future, confident that our challenge can impact teams in their fulfilment of the SDGs. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | + | <p>Every year each iGEM team targets at least one goal through their project and even more considering the human practice, collaborations and potencial outlook. Base on that, our challenge invited teams to match their targeting goals and post them on their social media. The strategy to encourage more teams consisted in a nomination chain, similar to the ice bucket challenge, where you accepted the challenge, posted your information and tagged three teams to do the same in the next 48 hours. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | + | <p>Considering the amount of tasks an iGEMer have to do this days, we elaborated a platform in our wiki (LINK) to facilitate the process. There, you just had to access from an iGEM account, select your team goals and easily create a collage for your social media. Also, we established a hashtag for our challenge named #iGEMxSDGs, to show all team posts and motivate other teams to do it. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | <p><b> | + | <h3>Challenge Results.</h3> |
| − | + | <p>A total 74 teams participated in the hashtag challenge. The list of them is located in <a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:Costa_Rica/Collaborations">Collaborations</a>). We shall now discuss the most shared SDG’s among the participants of our challenge. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| − | + | *insertar foto n43* | |
| − | + | ||
| + | <p><b>SDG 3. Good Health & Well Being: </b>This was the most frequent goal targeted by teams that took part of the challenge. According to the UN, ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being at all ages is essential to sustainable development. Since the 19th century, significant efforts have been made to eradicate all sorts of diseases, including polio, smallpox, and malaria in most developed countries. It is not a coincidence that most iGem teams targeted this sustainable development goal, since one of the main applications of synthetic biology is the treatment of diseases. Whether they come from pathogens, or from pollution, most teams agree that the most important goal to have in mind is the well being a health of the general population. This, combined with efforts in promotion and prevention, provide local communities with the necessary tools to achieve sustainable development. | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | <p><b>SDG 17. Partnerships for the goals: </b>Most teams agreed that partnerships are the key to achieve major advancements in any field, specially if we are talking about development. For us, one of the main reasons why iGem is unique, is because it promotes collaborations, and exchange of ideas between many different countries and disciplines. Even if a team has a project more oriented towards local issues, it’s important to document and share gathered information or data. You never know if someone across the world is trying to solve the same exact problem you are facing. | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | <p><b>SDG 12. Responsible Consumption and Production: </b>Climate is one of the major global concerns right now. It is necessary to adopt a responsible approach towards production and discard of every kind of goods (clothing, technology, food). It is extremely important to achieve efficiency, and to minimize pollution via recycling. Being responsible with the environment is one of the main axes of sustainable development. We need to shift our mindsets from “How can we produce more and cheaper” to “How can we produce more efficiently, minimizing our environmental impact”. A significant amount of teams agreed with this. Pollution is a small and large scale concern, and efforts have to be doubled in order to solve this problem. Most of the teams in this collaboration have projects related directly to reducing contamination in industrial communities. | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | <p><b>SDG 9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: </b>The fourth most shared SDG among the teams is one of the most fundamental in matter of development. Progress is absolutely necessary for sustainable development, and innovation is key to progress. Whether it comes from the improvement of already existing processes, or the creation of completely new technologies, iGem teams agree that to make a change, it’s important to create something new and relevant. This also closely related to the very theme of iGem, which is the development of synthetic biology, through interdisciplinary innovation. | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | <h2 class="title-text">Booklet</h2> | ||
| − | + | <p>“Synthetic biology has expanded and evolved substantially from its initial rather narrow focus to appreciate and use more fully the diversity of mechanisms found in natural biological systems” -Christina D. Smolke. | |
| − | <p><b>• </b>Dr. | + | </p> |
| − | + | <p>Nevertheless, this accomplishment can only be achieved is there is enough dialogue between the parts involved in Synthetic Biology improvement. In Costa Rica, as in many countries, there is still a lot to learn and discuss in this areas. And so, resources, bureaucratic processes and the lack of scientific diffusion to general public are some of the problems frequently found in synbio investigations in our country. | |
| − | + | </p> | |
| + | <p>Therefore, our team worked in the study and vinculation of synthetic biology segments needed to be strengthen in our country. These sectors include National Politics, Healthcare Systems and general public. | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | <p>To gather information about the state of the art of National Politics in terms of Synthetic Biology, we interviewed experts in the topic: | ||
| + | </p> | ||
| + | <div style="padding-left: 20px;"> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>Dr. Pedro Rocha, International Technology and Innovation specialist involved in biotechnology and biosafety issues in the Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA).</p> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>Dra. Sylvie Braibant, National Biotechnology Program Coordinator of Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal.</p> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>Eng. Beatriz Ortiz, Evaluator in the Registries Unit, Health Products Regulation Department of the Ministry of Health .</p> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>Lic. Alejandra Chaverri, Director of Regulation of Products of Health Interest of the Ministry of Health. </p> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>Dr. José Ramón Salcedo, General Coordinator of the Master in Bio-Law of the University of Murcia </p> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>Mcs. Alejandro Hernández, Science Director at the Ministry of Science and Technology for several years. </p> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>BSc. Ediner Fuentes, Ambassador of the iGEM Foundation for the CBD COP-MOP of the Cartagena Protocol. </p> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>LL.M. María Carolina Peláez Gil, Global Health Law Practitioner and International Legal Consultant. </p> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | <p>As for the Healthcare System, we wanted to approach to medical centers and doctors as a primary source of information and future distribution channels of synthetic biology health solutions. Therefore, we got in contact with:</p> | ||
| + | <div style="padding-left: 20px;"> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>Dr. Fernando Morales, Dean of Medicine of the University of Costa Rica.</p> | ||
| + | <p><b>• </b>Dr. Gustavo Leandro, Chief of Infectology of the Dr. Raúl Blanco Cervantes Hospital.</p> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
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| − | + | <h2>Antibiotic resistance: A global problem</h2> | |
| − | + | <p>Since we were brainstorming about possible problems to be addressed, we quickly (not so much) | |
| − | + | stumbled upon the issue of antibiotic resistance. This phenomenon is expected to provoke up to 10 | |
| − | + | million annual deaths by 2050 (O'Neill, 2014), possibly the first death cause worldwide. This has | |
| − | + | lead the United Nations to declare antibiotic resistance as one of the greatest threats to global | |
| − | + | public health. </p> | |
| − | + | <h2>Resistant bacterial infections: Choosing our project aim</h2> | |
| − | + | <p>Antibiotic resistance is an exponential growing problem around the world and it has a very serious | |
| − | + | social impact. Looking for a solution to this problem we focused on a gastrointestinal pathogen, | |
| − | + | Clostridioides difficile. This bacteria infected patients in 21 of the 29 hospitals of Costa Rica | |
| − | + | from 2011-2014. Even one of our team members have suffered from this illness.</p> | |
| − | + | <h2>Problems: </h2> | |
| − | + | <h3>Awareness for antibiotic resistance is lacking</h3> | |
| − | + | <p>There is a worldwide ignorance on the subject of microbial resistance to antibiotics and Costa Rica | |
| − | + | is not the exception. Globally, the main cause of this problem is the misuse of antibiotics, leading | |
| − | + | to the survival of some resistant bacteria, able to spread again. Also, the bad waste management of | |
| − | + | these drugs contributes to increase resistant bacteria. This bacteria can later transfer their | |
| − | + | resistance to human microbiota (van Rijn et al., 2019). </p> | |
| − | + | <p>Research is being conducted to discover new antibiotics. However, only two new antibiotic classes | |
| − | + | (lipopeptides and oxazolidinones) have been developed and approved by international drug agencies | |
| − | + | (US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency) in the last three decades | |
| − | + | (Tacconelli et al., 2018). The field of antibiotics is not lucrative enough for pharmaceutical | |
| − | + | companies and newly discovered compounds remain similar in function to current antibiotics. As a | |
| − | + | result, only a few large companies such as GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Merck and Roche are still | |
| − | + | actively engaged in antibiotic research and development (Jackson, Czaplewski & Piddock, 2018).</p> | |
| − | + | <p>During our problems exploration we realized antibiotic resistance consists of the two problems | |
| − | + | mentioned above. Therefore, we decided to go out the lab to help create awareness on antibiotic | |
| − | + | resistance in our country and prove the prevalence of antibiotic resistance bacteria using the agar | |
| − | + | antibiotic resistance test.</p> | |
| − | + | <h3>Larger agar antibiotic resistance test</h3> | |
| − | + | <p>We went to the streets to have a closer encounter with people. In total we sampled 10 different | |
| − | + | places of Costa Rica: La Agonía Park in Alajuela, Central Park in Heredia, Central Park in Cartago | |
| − | + | and seven different places in San Jose (Central Park, El Mercado Central, La Sabana Metropolitan | |
| − | + | Park, France Park and the buses stations from Limón, Puntarenas and Liberia). We talked to 100 Costa | |
| − | + | Ricans, explained them a little bit of our problem and sampled their mouth with sterile swabs and | |
| − | + | following the National Health Ministry regulations. Samples were grown in petri dishes supplemented | |
| − | + | with amoxicillin (antibiotic most commonly used in Costa Rica) for 24h at 37 °C. </p> | |
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| − | + | <h2>References</h2> | |
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| − | + | Jackson, N., Czaplewski, L., & Piddock, L. J. (2018). Discovery and development of new antibacterial drugs: learning | |
| − | + | from experience?. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 73(6), 1452-1459. </p> | |
| − | + | <p class="ref"> O’Neill, J. (2014). Antimicrobial resistance. Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of | |
| − | + | Nations. </p> | |
| − | + | <p class="ref"> Tacconelli, E., Carrara, E., Savoldi, A., Harbarth, S., Mendelson, M., Monnet, D. L., ... & | |
| − | + | Ouellette, M. (2018). Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of | |
| − | + | antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18(3), 318-327. </p> | |
| − | + | <p class="ref"> van Rijn, M., Haverkate, M., Achterberg, P., & Timen, A. (2019). The public uptake of | |
| − | + | information about antibiotic resistance in the Netherlands. Public Understanding of Science, 28(4), | |
| − | + | 486-503. | |
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Revision as of 23:01, 20 October 2019
Human practices are meant to explain why our project is important to the world. Here we present how we do an intense work to inform the people of Costa Rica about Synthetic Biology, iGEM and the new possibilities of Engineered Probiotics.
Science Through Dance
If there is something that we can be sure of is the primitive need that human being has to understand and describe the world that surrounds us. Both science and art, are avatars of human creativity, created to facilitate the process of understanding and expressing. Nevertheless, most people use to think about them as separated fields.
That’s why, using our background in science and the experience as a dance teacher of one of our team members, we fusioned them in a special show, named Science Through Dance.
The show Science Through Dance, gave us the opportunity to bring science and dance to the table, where dancers, scientists, dance parents, university teachers and many supportive people experienced, enjoyed, felt and learnt from it. It’s important to say that this space was also a way to demonstrate the capabilities of the country in these areas, which often go unnoticed or unconnected.
To achieve the goal, we contacted scientists, dancers from all ages and one of the most famous theatres in Costa Rica. First, for science section, we counted with Rosalind Innovations, a biotech-social entrepreneurship who spoke of the magnificence of nature and the unbelievable biotech projects that emerged from it. Also, 4 chemistry students from the University of Costa Rica, elaborated an incredible show, where they made and explained amazing experiments. Additionally, our team presented the project we are taking to the iGEM competition. As for the dance section, we counted with 90 dancers from 7 to 35 years old, from beginners to nationally and internationally recognized dancers.
Disciplines preformed were from Ballet to Jazz, Tap, Hip Hop, Contemporary, Lyric, Latin Dance, Antigravity, Break Dance and African Dance. All of them appreciated by 285 spectators. The show was covered by Novum Comunicaciones S.A., a company who took all astonishing photos you can see in the next slideshow.
iGEMxSDGs Challenge
*Insertar imagen: Logo SDGIn collaboration with the 2019 iGEM teams from Taipei American School (Taiwan) and the University of Tübingen (Germany), we created a challenge related with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. This three continents and different time zones collab, was born to promote the SDGs and show the iGEM 2019’s footprint in the advancement of a global sustainable development.
*Foto n45*iGEMxSDGs challenge’s inspiration is the current need to address the global challenges we are facing and we will potentially face in the future, confident that our challenge can impact teams in their fulfilment of the SDGs.
Every year each iGEM team targets at least one goal through their project and even more considering the human practice, collaborations and potencial outlook. Base on that, our challenge invited teams to match their targeting goals and post them on their social media. The strategy to encourage more teams consisted in a nomination chain, similar to the ice bucket challenge, where you accepted the challenge, posted your information and tagged three teams to do the same in the next 48 hours.
Considering the amount of tasks an iGEMer have to do this days, we elaborated a platform in our wiki (LINK) to facilitate the process. There, you just had to access from an iGEM account, select your team goals and easily create a collage for your social media. Also, we established a hashtag for our challenge named #iGEMxSDGs, to show all team posts and motivate other teams to do it.
Challenge Results.
A total 74 teams participated in the hashtag challenge. The list of them is located in Collaborations). We shall now discuss the most shared SDG’s among the participants of our challenge.
*insertar foto n43*SDG 3. Good Health & Well Being: This was the most frequent goal targeted by teams that took part of the challenge. According to the UN, ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being at all ages is essential to sustainable development. Since the 19th century, significant efforts have been made to eradicate all sorts of diseases, including polio, smallpox, and malaria in most developed countries. It is not a coincidence that most iGem teams targeted this sustainable development goal, since one of the main applications of synthetic biology is the treatment of diseases. Whether they come from pathogens, or from pollution, most teams agree that the most important goal to have in mind is the well being a health of the general population. This, combined with efforts in promotion and prevention, provide local communities with the necessary tools to achieve sustainable development.
SDG 17. Partnerships for the goals: Most teams agreed that partnerships are the key to achieve major advancements in any field, specially if we are talking about development. For us, one of the main reasons why iGem is unique, is because it promotes collaborations, and exchange of ideas between many different countries and disciplines. Even if a team has a project more oriented towards local issues, it’s important to document and share gathered information or data. You never know if someone across the world is trying to solve the same exact problem you are facing.
SDG 12. Responsible Consumption and Production: Climate is one of the major global concerns right now. It is necessary to adopt a responsible approach towards production and discard of every kind of goods (clothing, technology, food). It is extremely important to achieve efficiency, and to minimize pollution via recycling. Being responsible with the environment is one of the main axes of sustainable development. We need to shift our mindsets from “How can we produce more and cheaper” to “How can we produce more efficiently, minimizing our environmental impact”. A significant amount of teams agreed with this. Pollution is a small and large scale concern, and efforts have to be doubled in order to solve this problem. Most of the teams in this collaboration have projects related directly to reducing contamination in industrial communities.
SDG 9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: The fourth most shared SDG among the teams is one of the most fundamental in matter of development. Progress is absolutely necessary for sustainable development, and innovation is key to progress. Whether it comes from the improvement of already existing processes, or the creation of completely new technologies, iGem teams agree that to make a change, it’s important to create something new and relevant. This also closely related to the very theme of iGem, which is the development of synthetic biology, through interdisciplinary innovation.
Booklet
“Synthetic biology has expanded and evolved substantially from its initial rather narrow focus to appreciate and use more fully the diversity of mechanisms found in natural biological systems” -Christina D. Smolke.
Nevertheless, this accomplishment can only be achieved is there is enough dialogue between the parts involved in Synthetic Biology improvement. In Costa Rica, as in many countries, there is still a lot to learn and discuss in this areas. And so, resources, bureaucratic processes and the lack of scientific diffusion to general public are some of the problems frequently found in synbio investigations in our country.
Therefore, our team worked in the study and vinculation of synthetic biology segments needed to be strengthen in our country. These sectors include National Politics, Healthcare Systems and general public.
To gather information about the state of the art of National Politics in terms of Synthetic Biology, we interviewed experts in the topic:
• Dr. Pedro Rocha, International Technology and Innovation specialist involved in biotechnology and biosafety issues in the Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA).
• Dra. Sylvie Braibant, National Biotechnology Program Coordinator of Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal.
• Eng. Beatriz Ortiz, Evaluator in the Registries Unit, Health Products Regulation Department of the Ministry of Health .
• Lic. Alejandra Chaverri, Director of Regulation of Products of Health Interest of the Ministry of Health.
• Dr. José Ramón Salcedo, General Coordinator of the Master in Bio-Law of the University of Murcia
• Mcs. Alejandro Hernández, Science Director at the Ministry of Science and Technology for several years.
• BSc. Ediner Fuentes, Ambassador of the iGEM Foundation for the CBD COP-MOP of the Cartagena Protocol.
• LL.M. María Carolina Peláez Gil, Global Health Law Practitioner and International Legal Consultant.
As for the Healthcare System, we wanted to approach to medical centers and doctors as a primary source of information and future distribution channels of synthetic biology health solutions. Therefore, we got in contact with:
• Dr. Fernando Morales, Dean of Medicine of the University of Costa Rica.
• Dr. Gustavo Leandro, Chief of Infectology of the Dr. Raúl Blanco Cervantes Hospital.
Antibiotic resistance: A global problem
Since we were brainstorming about possible problems to be addressed, we quickly (not so much) stumbled upon the issue of antibiotic resistance. This phenomenon is expected to provoke up to 10 million annual deaths by 2050 (O'Neill, 2014), possibly the first death cause worldwide. This has lead the United Nations to declare antibiotic resistance as one of the greatest threats to global public health.
Resistant bacterial infections: Choosing our project aim
Antibiotic resistance is an exponential growing problem around the world and it has a very serious social impact. Looking for a solution to this problem we focused on a gastrointestinal pathogen, Clostridioides difficile. This bacteria infected patients in 21 of the 29 hospitals of Costa Rica from 2011-2014. Even one of our team members have suffered from this illness.
Problems:
Awareness for antibiotic resistance is lacking
There is a worldwide ignorance on the subject of microbial resistance to antibiotics and Costa Rica is not the exception. Globally, the main cause of this problem is the misuse of antibiotics, leading to the survival of some resistant bacteria, able to spread again. Also, the bad waste management of these drugs contributes to increase resistant bacteria. This bacteria can later transfer their resistance to human microbiota (van Rijn et al., 2019).
Research is being conducted to discover new antibiotics. However, only two new antibiotic classes (lipopeptides and oxazolidinones) have been developed and approved by international drug agencies (US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency) in the last three decades (Tacconelli et al., 2018). The field of antibiotics is not lucrative enough for pharmaceutical companies and newly discovered compounds remain similar in function to current antibiotics. As a result, only a few large companies such as GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Merck and Roche are still actively engaged in antibiotic research and development (Jackson, Czaplewski & Piddock, 2018).
During our problems exploration we realized antibiotic resistance consists of the two problems mentioned above. Therefore, we decided to go out the lab to help create awareness on antibiotic resistance in our country and prove the prevalence of antibiotic resistance bacteria using the agar antibiotic resistance test.
Larger agar antibiotic resistance test
We went to the streets to have a closer encounter with people. In total we sampled 10 different places of Costa Rica: La Agonía Park in Alajuela, Central Park in Heredia, Central Park in Cartago and seven different places in San Jose (Central Park, El Mercado Central, La Sabana Metropolitan Park, France Park and the buses stations from Limón, Puntarenas and Liberia). We talked to 100 Costa Ricans, explained them a little bit of our problem and sampled their mouth with sterile swabs and following the National Health Ministry regulations. Samples were grown in petri dishes supplemented with amoxicillin (antibiotic most commonly used in Costa Rica) for 24h at 37 °C.
References
Jackson, N., Czaplewski, L., & Piddock, L. J. (2018). Discovery and development of new antibacterial drugs: learning from experience?. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 73(6), 1452-1459.
O’Neill, J. (2014). Antimicrobial resistance. Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations.
Tacconelli, E., Carrara, E., Savoldi, A., Harbarth, S., Mendelson, M., Monnet, D. L., ... & Ouellette, M. (2018). Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 18(3), 318-327.
van Rijn, M., Haverkate, M., Achterberg, P., & Timen, A. (2019). The public uptake of information about antibiotic resistance in the Netherlands. Public Understanding of Science, 28(4), 486-503.