TOOL

Our questionnaire contains 13 items, and the first 4 items collect the basic information of the interviewees. Four items are multi-choice, the more the interviewees choose, the higher their score is; the score of the ABC decreases in turn in three items; two items A scores, B won’t. The higher their score is, the more familiar they are with the corresponding knowledge.

STATISTICAL METHODS

SPSS20.0 and Mplus 7.4 software are used to analyze the data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test is used to test the scores of each item. The results showed that all items had significant skewness and kurtosis values (P < 0.001). Therefore, this study chooses to use the robust maximum likelihood estimation method to analyze the data of non-normal distribution.

Multiple confirmatory factor analysis is used to test the measurement equivalence between urban adolescents and rural adolescents, including the following four aspects:

1. Morphological Equivalent Model (Model 1), i.e. to test whether the composition of latent variables among different groups is the same;
2. Weak Equivalent Model (Model 2), i.e. to test whether the load of factors is equal among groups;
3. Strong Equivalent Model (Model 3), i.e. to test the intercept of observed variables is the same;
4. Strict Equivalent Model (Model 4), i.e. to test whether the error variance between different groups is equal.

The difference between CFI and TLI (ΔCFI, ΔTLI) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) are used to evaluate the measurement equivalence^[1]. When ΔCFI is less than 0.010, ΔTLI is less than 0.010 and BIC is reduced, the equivalent model is considered acceptable^[2].

Independent sample t test is used to compare the total score of the scale and the scores of each factor between urban and rural adolescents.

RESULTS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

The absolute skewness of 9 items in descriptive statistics ranged from 0.19 to 1.22, and the absolute value of kurtosis ranged from 0.52 to 1.97. The skewness and kurtosis values of normal distribution data should be equal to zero. The absolute values of the above reports indicate that the scores of each item are non-normal distribution data. In this study, the questionnaire showed highly internal consistency in the total sample, urban adolescents and rural adolescents. Cronbach's α value is 0.895, 0.891 and 0.891 respectively. The correlation coefficients among the average items are 0.362, 0.365 and 0.359, respectively.

SINGLE GROUP CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS

The measurement equivalence test shows that each model achieves the ideal fitting level, and the model fitting index CFI, TLI, SRMR and RMSEA are all meet the requirements of surveying. Comparing the weak equivalent model with the morphological equivalent model (2 vs 1), the strong equivalent model with the weak equivalent model (3 vs 2), and the strong equivalent model with the strict equivalent model (4 vs 3), we can see that the values of ΔCFI ≤ 0.010, ΔTLI ≤ 0.010 and BIC decrease.

COMPARISON

Comparisons of Biological Understanding among Adolescents in Different Areas. The total score of urban adolescent group was significantly higher than that of rural adolescent group (P < 0.05).

ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

According to the results, we realize that the primary and secondary school students in rural areas have much less interest and concept in biology than those in urban areas, and most of their knowledge comes from the classroom. Based on the above phenomena, we decided to select a rural middle school, the 16th primary school in Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province, and carry out propaganda and education on synthetic biology for the students there.

We made a propaganda cartoon about synthetic biology, in which we explained what synthetic biology is and how it affects our lives. We import animation into VR glasses for playback. In this way, we interpret more professional synthetic biology in the form of animation, and integrate traditional animation with modern VR technology.

In order to let them understand the gene therapy better, we hold a painting competition with synthetic biology as its theme, let the children give full play to their imagination and draw the synthetic biology in their hearts with brushes in their hands. A total of 85 pupils participated in the competition and submitted their imaginative works. Many children’s paintings are unexpected fulling of their fantastic ideas. Finally, we assessed one first prize, two second prizes and three third prizes.

Admittedly, there are some differences between the popularity of the concept of genetics simulated in this way and the fact that there are some complex knowledge points, but it is decided by the audience of this popularity of science. And the greatest significance of this activity is that we manage to bring children a new world, arouse their thirst for knowledge, and hope to bury a seed of scientific inquiry into their minds, which may change their lives. This group, children, is more curious about the world than the normal adolescent, and their imagination is richer. So that being exposed to different fields of things from an early age will help them find their own interests and play their strengths.

NORMAL EDUCATION

We want our projects to have a broad and sustained impact, but it's not enough to rely on one group. Since members of our group can’t go forward to popularize science or educate people in remote areas regularly or for a long time, if we want to continue this activity, what else should we do now? At this time, the students of normal universities in our country came up to our minds. A teacher can educate thousands of children in his decades of teaching, and these normal students will go to all parts of the country after graduation, especially in remote areas to bring good education to the children there. So we choose to carry out publicity and education for them. We made a booklet about the science popularization of synthetic biology and distributed it to them. We explained to them the goals we need to achieve, the changes we need to make and so on. Finally, we reached a consensus with them. We hope to use their power to let more children learn new knowledge.

[1] Cheung, Rensvold. Cross-cultural comparisons using noninvariant measurement items. Applied Behavioral Science Review,1998,6(99):93-110

[2] Cheung, Rensvold. Testing Factorial Invariance across Groups: A Reconceptualization and Proposed New Method. JournalofManagement,1999,25(1):1-27

OBJECTS & METHODS

TOOL

Our questionnaire contains 13 items, and the first 5 items collecting the basic information of the interviewees. Five items are multi-choice, in which the more items the interviewees choose, the higher their score is; the score of the ABCD decreases in turn if the item contents three options; if it has two options, then choosing A scores, while choosing B won’t. The higher their score is, the more familiar they are with the corresponding knowledge.

STATISTICAL METHODS

SPSS20.0 and Mplus 7.4 software are used to analyze the data. Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test is used to test the scores of each item. The results showed that all items had significant skewness and kurtosis values (P < 0.001). Therefore, this study chooses to use the robust maximum likelihood estimation method to analyze the data of non-normal distribution.

Multiple confirmatory factor analysis is used to test the measurement equivalence between urban adolescents and rural adolescents, including the following four aspects:

1. Morphological Equivalent Model (Model 1), i.e. to test whether the composition of latent variables among different groups is the same;
2. Weak Equivalent Model (Model 2), i.e. to test whether the load of factors is equal among groups;
3. Strong Equivalent Model (Model 3), i.e. to test the intercept of observed variables is the same;
4. Strict Equivalent Model (Model 4), i.e. to test whether the error variance between different groups is equal.

The difference between CFI and TLI (ΔCFI, ΔTLI) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) are used to evaluate the measurement equivalence^[1]. When ΔCFI is less than 0.010, ΔTLI is less than 0.010 and BIC is reduced, the equivalent model is considered acceptable^[2].

Independent sample t test is used to compare the total score of the scale and the scores of each factor between middle-aged people and the elderly.

RESULTS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

The absolute skewness of 9 items in descriptive statistics ranged from 0.26 to 1.39, and the absolute value of kurtosis ranged from 0.45 to 1.85. The skewness and kurtosis values of normal distribution data should be equal to zero. The absolute values of the above reports indicate that the scores of each item are non-normal distribution data. In this study, the questionnaire showed highly internal consistency in the total sample, middle-aged people and the elderly. Cronbach's α value is 0.876, 0.885 and 0.893 respectively. The correlation coefficients among the average items are 0.384, 0.403 and 0.365, respectively.

MEASUREMENT EQUIVALENCE TEST

The measurement equivalence test shows that each model achieves the ideal fitting level, and the model fitting index CFI, TLI, SRMR and RMSEA are all meet the requirements of surveying. Comparing the weak equivalent model with the morphological equivalent model (2 vs 1), the strong equivalent model with the weak equivalent model (3 vs 2), and the strong equivalent model with the strict equivalent model (4 vs 3), we can see that the values of ΔCFI ≤ 0.010, ΔTLI ≤ 0.010 and BIC decrease.

The total score of elderly people group was significantly lower than that of middle-aged people group (P < 0.05).

ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

According to the results of our research, it is found that the elderly group has a very poor understanding of breast cancer and related aspects. Compared with middle-aged people, the elderly are lack of knowledge and attention on the prevention and management of breast cancer, but the elderly are the high-risk group of breast cancer, which leads to a high incidence of breast cancer in the elderly.

ACTION

INVESTIGATE COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT OF BREAST CANCER

In order to make the elderly attach great importance to the prevention of breast cancer and to learn more about breast cancer, our team went to the Heyetang Community of Xianjiahu Street to help the elderly in the community with the help of Mr. Dehui Yin. They said they learned a lot about breast cancer. In order to understand the community's management of chronic diseases of breast cancer, we consulted the staff of the community health service center and found that they have insufficient knowledge about breast cancer prevention and care, and there are many defects in the management of breast cancer in the community.

CONSULT A PROFESSOR AND WRITE AN ARTICLE

We consulted the professor of public health school of Central South University on this phenomenon. The professor suggested us to think about what we can do to better manage the community and actually help the elderly patients with breast cancer. After discussion with the professor and our group members, we turned a specific scheme into an article Community Management of Elderly Breast Cancer Patients, which has been submitted for publication. The article mainly mentions that the community can carry out monthly breast examination, ask specialized doctors to carry out preliminary clinical breast examination, and pay attention to the psychological status of elderly breast cancer patients by offering psychological counseling of elderly breast cancer patients through PDCA management mode^[3][4]. These methods are believed to help elderly breast cancer patients practically.

PROPOSE TO THE CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU

Based on our article, we put together a proposal with clear requirements. We suggest carry out monthly breast examination in the community health center. The community should pay attention to the vulnerable groups of breast cancer patients, and submit the information of potential breast cancer patients with disease characteristics to the superior hospital, and suggest the patients go to the superior hospital for more detailed examination. In addition, we post our proposal on the website of Changsha municipal civil affairs bureau, hoping to put our proposal into practice in the community in the future and bring practical help to breast cancer patients.

SUBMIT OUR PROPOSAL

In addition, we submitted suggestions on community management to a number of nursing homes and community committees, and worked with relevant personnel to promote these activities. Hopefully, these suggestions would help potential breast cancer patients get regular breast cancer screening in the community, increase the survival rate of breast cancer patients, and care for the mental health of breast cancer patients.

[1] Cheung, Rensvold. Cross-cultural comparisons using noninvariant measurement items. Applied Behavioral Science Review,1998,6(99):93-110

[2] Cheung, Rensvold. Testing Factorial Invariance across Groups: A Reconceptualization and Proposed New Method. JournalofManagement,1999,25(1):1-27

[3] Lu Ruiguang, Chen Limin, Huang Yi, etal. Application of PDCA cycle in quality control of electronic nursing records in delivery room[J].PLA Journal of Nursing,2012,29(5A):64-65.

[4] Mongkhonthawornchai S, Pradubwong s, Augsornwan D, etal. Nursing care system development for patients with cleft lip-palate and craniofacial deformities at Srinagarind hospital[J]. Med Assoc Thai, 2012,95(Suppl1l):49-54.

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