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"[1] Paladine H L, Desai U A. Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment[J]. Am Fam Physician, 2018, 97(5): 321-329", "[2] Anderson M R, Klink K, Cohrssen A. Evaluation of vaginal complaints[J]. JAMA, 2004, 291(11): 1368-79.", "[3] Parolin C, Marangoni A, Laghi L, et al. Isolation of Vaginal Lactobacilli and Characterization of Anti-Candida Activity[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(6): e0131220.", "[4] Bitew A, Abebaw Y. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: species distribution of Candida and their antifungal susceptibility pattern[J]. BMC Womens Health, 2018, 18(1): 94.", "[5] Jin Y M, Liu S S, Xu T M, et al. Impaired Th17 cell proliferation and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in CXCR3/CXCR4 double-deficient mice of vulvovaginal candidiasis[J]. J Cell Physiol, 2019, 234(8): 13894-13905.", "[6] Sobel J D. Vulvovaginal candidosis[J]. Lancet, 2007, 369(9577): 1961-71.", "[7] Xie H Y, Feng D, Wei D M, et al. Probiotics for vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant women[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 11: CD010496.", "[8] Cai X, Kong F, Wang R, et al. Candida albicans vaginitis in a murine model is reduced by polypeptide-enriched Gastrodia elata extracts[J]. Future Microbiol, 2019, 14: 839-846.", "[9] Pappas P G, Kauffman C A, Andes D R, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2016, 62(4): e1-50.", "[10] Andrade J T, Santos F R S, Lima W G, et al. Design, synthesis, biological activity and structure-activity relationship studies of chalcone derivatives as potential anti-Candida agents[J]. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 2018, 71(8): 702-712.", "[11] Mayer F L, Wilson D, Hube B. Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms[J]. Virulence, 2013, 4(2): 119-28.", "[12] Monika S. Virulence factors in Candida species[J]. Curr Protein Pept Sci, 2019.", "[13] Romo J A, Zhang H, Cai H, et al. Global Transcriptomic Analysis of the Candida albicans Response to Treatment with a Novel Inhibitor of Filamentation[J]. mSphere, 2019, 4(5).", "[14] Gulati M, Nobile C J. Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms[J]. Microbes Infect, 2016, 18(5): 310-21.", ], part: [{ title: "About", para: [
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cont: "Vaginitis is a prevalent disorder affecting women worldwide. The most common infectious causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis(sup)[1](suped). According to related statistic, bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 22 to 50 percent of symptomatic women, vulvovaginal candidiasis in 17 to 39 percent, and trichomoniasis in 4 to 35 percent(sup)[2](suped).",
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cont: "Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) represents a continual and universal crisis. When homeostasis of the vaginal ecosystem is interrupted, overgrowth of Candida yeasts is facilitated and can lead to the development of VVC(sup)[3](suped). Statistics show that 70–75% of women suffer from VVC at least once in their lifetime, while 40%–45% will have two or more episodes(sup)[4](suped). VVC is mainly caused by (ita)Candida albicans (C. albicans)(itaed), accounting for more than 85% of the incidence(sup)[5](suped). VVC greatly not only affects the quality of life, but also increases the infection ability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)(sup)[6](suped). Although VVC is associated with a very low mortality rate, symptoms contribute significantly to morbidity, especially in HIV-infected women(sup)[7](suped). Factors that increase the risk for VVC development include individual susceptibility, frequent sexual intercourse, antibiotic therapy, contraceptive and spermicide use, pregnancy, diabetes, and immunosuppression(sup)[5](suped).",
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{ type: "word", cont: "The symptoms of VVC include:(sup)[8,9](suped) abnormal vaginal discharge, genital and vaginal burning, itching and redness. Notwithstanding most VVC is mild, part of women can develop severe infections that cause more serious sexual illnesses, involving AIDS, cervicitis, etc.", class: "np5" },
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cont: "Vulvovaginal candidiasis is usually treated with antifungal medicine(sup)[9](suped). For most infections, the treatment is an antifungal medicine applied inside the vaginal or oral azole drugs. The widespread usage of antifungal drugs and the increase in the number of fungal infections have led to the emergence of drug resistance, especially in the relapse patients(sup)[10](suped).",
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{ type: "word", cont: "The ability of (ita)C. albicans(itaed) to infect such diverse host cell is supported by a wide range of virulence factors(sup)[11](suped). A number of attributes, including the morphological transition between yeast and hyphal forms and the formation of biofilms are considered virulence factors(sup)[12](suped).", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "Filamentation represents one of the main virulence factor of (ita)C. albicans(itaed), which undergoes a morphogenetic transition from yeast to filamentous form and allows (ita)C. albicans(itaed) to penetrate and damage tissues(sup)[13](suped).", class: "np5" },
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cont: "Another major virulence attribute of (ita)C. albicans(itaed) is its ability to form biofilms on abiotic or biotic surfaces. These biofilms are intrinsically resistant to conventional antifungal therapeutics and the host immune system(sup)[14](suped).",
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{ type: "word", cont: "[6] Sobel J D. Vulvovaginal candidosis[J]. Lancet, 2007, 369(9577): 1961-71.", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "[7] Xie H Y, Feng D, Wei D M, et al. Probiotics for vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant women[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 11: CD010496.", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "[8] Cai X, Kong F, Wang R, et al. Candida albicans vaginitis in a murine model is reduced by polypeptide-enriched Gastrodia elata extracts[J]. Future Microbiol, 2019, 14: 839-846.", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "[9] Pappas P G, Kauffman C A, Andes D R, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2016, 62(4): e1-50.", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "[10] Andrade J T, Santos F R S, Lima W G, et al. Design, synthesis, biological activity and structure-activity relationship studies of chalcone derivatives as potential anti-Candida agents[J]. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 2018, 71(8): 702-712.", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "[11] Mayer F L, Wilson D, Hube B. Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms[J]. Virulence, 2013, 4(2): 119-28.", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "[12] Monika S. Virulence factors in Candida species[J]. Curr Protein Pept Sci, 2019.", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "[13] Romo J A, Zhang H, Cai H, et al. Global Transcriptomic Analysis of the Candida albicans Response to Treatment with a Novel Inhibitor of Filamentation[J]. mSphere, 2019, 4(5).", class: "np5" }, { type: "word", cont: "[14] Gulati M, Nobile C J. Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms[J]. Microbes Infect, 2016, 18(5): 310-21.", class: "np5" }, ]
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