Difference between revisions of "Team:Mingdao/Human Practices"

Line 137: Line 137:
 
</p>
 
</p>
  
−
<h1 id ="d-goal">Factor 2: Modeling the Factors that Reduce Carbon Dioxide</h1>
+
<h1 id ="d-goal">Project Design</h1>
−
    <p>The CO2 fixation process can be illustrated with the following diagram.</p>
+
  <h3>Visiting department of environmental engineering in NCHU</h3>
−
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/0/0c/T--Mingdao--modelpic1.png" alt="" style="max-width:900px;"></center>
+
  <p>
−
    <p>Therefore, the process of defining the sequestration of CO2 in our model can be divided into two aspects: determining the natural dissolution rate of CO2 in water (when CA is absent) and determining the increased dissolution rate of CO2 in water (when CA is present). However, the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; which implies the combination of H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, <sub>CO3</sub><sup>2-</sup>, and all other forms of dissolved carbon dioxide) in water can eventually reach the maximum capacity, which is itself dependent on the pH value of the environment. How rapidly this theoretical maximum is attained is dictated by the photosynthetic rate of cyanobacteria.
+
Spot:Chung Hsing university environmental engineering department
−
</p>
+
<br>
−
 
+
Date:2019.01.11
−
  <h3>Factor 2a: Determining the Natural Dissolution Rate of CO2 in Water</h3>
+
<br>
−
  <p>The natural dissolution rate of CO2 in water (v<sub>natural</sub>) is calculated using the first-order rate constant equation, as shown in Equation 3, where 0.039 s<sup>-1</sup> is the rate constant for the forward reaction of the hydration of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O->H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>). The correlation between the concentration of gaseous carbon dioxide and the natural dissolution rate is illustrated in Figure 1.
+
After we aware of the indoor air quality of CO2, we searched for the current methods to solve the problems, which made us ask for professors of Chung Hsing university. They let us know several current ways to solve the problems by physics, chemistry and biology methods, respectively. There are absorbents like carbon or Zeolite in physics and chemistry ways to absorb CO2, but these methods take up a lot of energy and time. While the biology way, reducing the CO2 concentration by plants photosynthesis, have low efficiency. They also gave us ideas that we can use algae to reduce the CO2 indoors and the modeling of rising CO2 concentration while there are some people in closed places. Thanks to them, giving us more opinions to our project and made our solution come true !
 
   </p>
 
   </p>
−
  <center><div class="card" style="width:550px">
 
−
  <img class="card-img-top" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/c/c4/T--Mingdao--equa15.png" alt="Card image">
 
−
  <div class="card-body">
 
−
    <p class="card-text"><strong>Equation 3. </strong>First-order rate constant equation for hydration of carbon dioxide.</p>
 
−
  </div>
 
−
  </div>
 
−
  </center>
 
−
  <center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/8/85/T--Mingdao--modelfig1.png" alt="" style="max-width:600px;">
 
−
<p style="margin-left:15%; margin-right:15%;"><strong>Figure 1. </strong>The linear curve modeling the correlation between the concentration of gaseous carbon dioxide and its natural dissolution rate in water. </p></center>
 
−
 
−
<h3>Factor 2b: Determining the Enzymatic Reaction Rate of CA</h3>
 
−
<p>We modeled the enzymatic rate of carbonic anhydrase with Michaelis-Menten kinetics, as shown in Equation 4. v<sub>CA</sub> represents the enzymatic reaction rate of CA; [CO<sub>2(g)</sub>] represents the concentration of substrate (in this case, gaseous carbon dioxide); v<sub>max</sub> represents the maximum reaction rate possible; and K<sub>m</sub> is the Michaelis-Menten constant, which is defined as the substrate concentration when the enzymatic reaction rate is half of its maximum (whenv=1/2v<sub>max</sub>).</p>
 
−
  <center><div class="card" style="width:500px">
 
−
  <img class="card-img-top" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/2/27/T--Mingdao--equa16.png" alt="Card image">
 
−
  <div class="card-body">
 
−
    <p class="card-text"><strong>Equation 4. </strong>The Michaelis-Menten equation, which models the relationship between the concentration of gaseous carbon dioxide and the enzymatic reaction rate. </p>
 
−
  </div>
 
−
  </div>
 
−
  </center>
 
−
  <center><div class="card mt-3" style="width:500px">
 
−
  <img class="card-img-top" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/f/f4/T--Mingdao--equa17.png" alt="Card image">
 
−
  <div class="card-body">
 
−
    <p class="card-text"><strong>Equation 5. </strong>Calculation for v<sub>max</sub>, the maximum reaction rate. K<sub>cat</sub> denotes the catalyst rate constant of CA and [CA] represents the concentration of the enzyme.  </p>
 
−
  </div>
 
−
  </div>
 
−
  </center>
 
−
  <p>Therefore, by inserting the v<sub>max</sub> and  K<sub>m</sub> values into the model, the correlation between CO2 concentration and the reaction rate of CA can be shown. v<sub>max</sub> can be calculated with Equation 5. <br>
 
−
We obtained the K<sub>cat</sub> and K<sub>m</sub> values for the human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) from literature. According to Silverman et al., the K<sub>cat</sub> and K<sub>m</sub> values for hCAII are 1.4×10<sup>6</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> and 9.3×10<sup>-3</sup> M, respectively. A [CA] value of 2.883×10<sup>-3</sup> M is used based on the enzyme we use. Unit conversions are shown below.
 
−
  </p>
 
−
  <center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/b/b1/T--Mingdao--equa18.png" alt="" style="max-width:800px;"></center>
 
−
  <p>Using the enzymatic coefficients for the Michaelis-Menten model, we plotted the curve in Figure 2 to model the enzyme kinetics of human carbonic anhydrase II. </p>
 
−
  <center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/9/9d/T--Mingdao--modelfig2.png" alt="" style="max-width:600px;"></center>
 
−
  <p style="margin-left:12%;"><strong>Figure 2. </strong>The Michaelis-Menten curve modeling the enzyme activities of hCAII at various concentrations of carbon dioxide. </p>
 
−
 
−
<h3>Factor 2c: Determining the Photosynthetic Rate of Cyanobacteria in the Form of CO2 Consumption</h3>
 
−
<p>After carbon dioxide has fully hydrated and dissolved into water, the last phase in our process of CO2 sequestration is its removal by the photosynthesis of cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. The rate at which the dissolved CO2 is consumed by our cyanobacteria can be modeled with Equation 5, which models the relationship between the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the rate of carbon-specific growth (Cμ; which is also equivalent to the rate of photosynthesis v<sub>photosynthesis</sub>), which is represented in the form of O2 production (Clark). The conversion from the amount of O2 production to CO2 sequestration is then performed using the 1:1 molar ratio between O2 and CO2 obtained from the chemical equation of photosynthesis. The maximum rate of growth μ<sub>max</sub> and the half saturation constant for C<sub>μ</sub>, K<sub>G(DIC)</sub>, specific for the cyanobacteria Synechococcus are then consulted from literature. Calculations for the final function are shown below with the parameters listed in Table 3.
 
−
</p>
 
−
 
−
  <center><div class="card mt-3 mb-3" style="width:700px">
 
−
  <img class="card-img-top" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/2/2c/T--Mingdao--equa19.png" alt="Card image">
 
−
  <div class="card-body">
 
−
    <p class="card-text"><strong>Equation 6. </strong>Relationship between the rate of photosynthesis (v<sub>photosynthesis</sub>) and the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (Clark). </p>
 
−
  </div>
 
−
  </div>
 
−
  </center>
 
−
 
−
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/6/61/T--Mingdao--modelfig3.png" alt="" style="max-width:800px;">
 
−
<center><p style="margin-left:35%;"><strong>Table 3. </strong>Parameters used in calculation for C<sub>μ</sub></p></center>
 
−
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/c/c3/T--Mingdao--equa20.png" alt="" style="max-width:800px;"></center>
 
−
<p>Using the converted photosynthetic coefficients that we obtained through literature for our cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus, we constructed a graph in Figure 3 showing the relationship between the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon in water and the rate of CO2 consumption due to photosynthesis.</p>
 
−
 
−
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/e/e6/T--Mingdao--modelfig4.png" alt="" style="max-width:600px;">
 
−
<center><p class="text-centered" style="margin-left:15%; margin-right:15%;"><strong>Figure 3. </strong>The Michaelis-Menten curve modeling the photosynthetic activity of Synechococcus elongatus. The CO2 consumption rate at various concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is shown.</p></center>
 
−
</center>
 
−
 
−
<h3>Factor 2d: Determining the Solubility of CO2 in Alkaline Environment</h3>
 
−
 
  
 
<h1 id ="d-risk">Our Final Model</h1>
 
<h1 id ="d-risk">Our Final Model</h1>

Revision as of 13:40, 15 October 2019

HOME
TEAM
Team Members
Collaborations
PROJECT
Description
Design
Experiments
Notebook
Contribution
Results
Demonstrate
Improve
Attributions
PARTS
Parts Overview
Basic Parts
Composite Parts
Part Collection
SAFETY
HUMAN PRACTICES
Human Practices
Education & Engagement
AWARDS
Entrepreneurship
Hardware
Measurement
Model
Plant
Software
JUDGING FORM ⇗
Responsive image

Overview

Motivation

Project Design

Prototype Development

Conclusion

Overview

“Human Practice is the study of how your work affects the world, and how the work affects your work.”--Peter Carr, Director of Judging.

Our main achievements of integrated human practices were to get valuable feedback for our product improvement, as well as to raise the public awareness on the issue of indoor air quality. To upgrade our prototype, we discussed with experts in different fields in algae culturing, protocol design, and product application, etc. During the discussion, we received a lot of practical and useful advices from these experts, and we further integrated those into our project and made CAirTM as our outstanding product to meet customers’ expectations.

Motivation & Brainstorming

Measurements of CO2

We measured the air quality in many places with a sensor, Air Mentor. At the beginning, we took the sensor outdoor into those places, which the sensor was measuring constantly. Thus, we could see the data of all places are begin at the ppm around 400 to 700. Except for the gym, there are no people in those places at first, and then people flocked into rapidly. The following is the details and photos of those measurements:

  1. Classroom: 40 people in one class, second class of senior second grade in Mingdao.
  2. Outdoor: On the fence outside the biolab in MingDao.
  3. TEDex Hall: 85 people in the TEDex Hall in MingDao.
  4. SUV: 3 people in Mazda CX5 with closed circulation.
  5. School Bus: 40 people in one school bus.
  6. Table Tennis Room: 42 people in one table tennis room in Ming Hung department B1.
  7. Gym: 30 to 40 people in civil sport center gym in Changhua county.

The CO2 concentration was over 3000 ppm after starting the measurement 30 mins in half the places we measured. It will make people feel uncomfortable with symptoms like headache and lethargy, but we usually don’t aware of the effects that CO2 cause to people. It is really a crucial problem for us to solve.

Project Design

Visiting department of environmental engineering in NCHU

Spot:Chung Hsing university environmental engineering department
Date:2019.01.11
After we aware of the indoor air quality of CO2, we searched for the current methods to solve the problems, which made us ask for professors of Chung Hsing university. They let us know several current ways to solve the problems by physics, chemistry and biology methods, respectively. There are absorbents like carbon or Zeolite in physics and chemistry ways to absorb CO2, but these methods take up a lot of energy and time. While the biology way, reducing the CO2 concentration by plants photosynthesis, have low efficiency. They also gave us ideas that we can use algae to reduce the CO2 indoors and the modeling of rising CO2 concentration while there are some people in closed places. Thanks to them, giving us more opinions to our project and made our solution come true !

Our Final Model

References