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                        <h4 style="padding-left: 1em;" class="navbar-brand">Index</h4>
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                                    <a href="#Expression" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">Expression Result</a>
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                                    <a href="#Expression Result" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">&emsp; 1. Expression</a>
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                                    <a href="#Purification" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">&emsp; 2. Purification</a>
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                                    <a href="#Dialysis &Concentration" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">&emsp; 3. Dialysis &Concentration</a>
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                                    <a href="#Optimized sequence" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">&emsp; 4. Optimized sequence</a>
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                                    <a href="#Aptamer Selection Result" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">Aptamer Selection Result</a>
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                                    <a href="#Part 1. Evolution of SELEX protocol" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">&emsp; 1. Evolution of SELEX protocol</a>
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                                    <a href="#Part 2. SELEX result" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">&emsp; 2. SELEX result</a>
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                                    <a href="#QualitativeAnalysis" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">&emsp; 3. Qualitative analysis</a>
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                                    <a href="#Part 4. Future work" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">&emsp; 4. Future work</a>
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                                    <a href="#Test Strip Result" class="lateral inner-link" style="color: #353535;opacity: 1;">Test Strip Result</a>
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<h2 class="h3Attr"; style="color:#009698"> Definition for Abbreviations </h2>

<h3>Abbreviation of protein: </h3>
<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">

<li><b>NPA</b>: Influenza A virus (A/Michigan/297/2017(H1N1)) nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene, complete cds </li>
<li><b>NPB</b>: Nucleoprotein for Influenza B virus (B/Colorado/16/2017) nucleoprotein (NP) gene, complete cds</li>
<li><b>HA1</b>: hemagglutinin of Influenza A H1N1 (A/New York/18/2009) </li>
<li><b>HA3</b>: hemagglutinin of influenza A H3N2 (A/Perth/16/2009)</li>
</ul>
<h3>Abbreviation of aptamers:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">
<li><b>Apt</b>: aptamer</li>
<li><b>Apt- NPA</b>: aptamer which binds to NPA</li>
<li><b>Apt- NPB</b>: aptamer which can bind to NP</li>
<li><b>Apt-HA1</b>: aptamer which can bind to HA1</li>
<li><b>Apt-HA3</b>: aptamer which can bind to HA3</li>
</ul>
<h3>Abbreviation of the SELEX experiment result:</h3>
<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">

<li><b>Ft</b>: fluid collected in the tube after the incubation of SELEX</li>
<li><b>W“i” (or w“i”)</b>: fluid collected after mixing with washing solution. “i” indicates the number of washing round</li>
<li><b>E“i” (or e“i”)</b>: fluid collected after mixing with elution buffer. “i” indicates the number of eluting round</li>
<li><b>NPA-“i”</b>: the serial number “i” of the Apt-NPA of all the clones we obtained</li>
<li><b>NPB-“i”</b>: the serial number “i” of the Apt-NPB of all the clones we obtained</li>
<li><b>HA1-“i”</b>: the serial number “i” of the Apt-HA1 of all the clones we obtained</li>
<li><b>HA3-“i”</b>: the serial number “i” of the Apt-HA3 of all the clones we obtained</li>
</ul>


<a class="anchorOffset" id="Expression"></a>                        
<h2 class="h3Attr"; style="color:#009698">Expression Result</h2>
<p>As mentioned in the Experiment section, the production of protein can be roughly divided into three parts: The expression of E.coli, the purification of expressed proteins, and the dialysis and concentration of purified protein.

<a class="anchorOffset" id="Expression Result"></a>
                        <h3> Part 1. Expression</h3>
<p>After expressing our target protein( <a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:CSMU_Taiwan/Protocol">Protocol</a>), the products were centrifuged to separate the solubles and precipitates. The samples were then checked by SDS page.(figure 1)</p>

<p>Most of the production are found in S and S1, indicating that the expressed proteins are highly soluble. The dark band also indicates that both of them are the main product of E.coli expression.</p>

<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">

<li>1-a :NPA expression, the framed band is our target NPA protein, approximately 55kDa.</li>
<li>1-b :NPB expression, the framed band is our target NPA protein, approximately 65kDa.</li>
</ul>

<p>Most of the production for both the NPA and NPB are in the soluble solution, indicating that the proteins are soluble.
Estimated Protein Molecular weight:</p>

<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">

<li><b>NPA:</b> Sequence length 1494bp→498 codon,+6 Histidine</li>
<li>110Da average/per amino acid→55440Da=<b>55.4kDa</b></li>
<li><b>NPB:</b> Sequence length 1680bp→560 codon+6 Histidine</li>
<li>110Da average/per amino acid→ 62260Da=<b>62.3kDa</b></li>

</ul>

<p>As seen the figure, many other non-target protein exists in the solution. Hence, purification is taken out in the next step.</p>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/8/8d/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result1.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>
 <a class="anchorOffset" id="Purification"></a>
<h3>Part 2. Purification</h3>

<p>We purified our target protein using S1 from the previous step. ( <a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:CSMU_Taiwan/Protocol">Protocol</a>)The samples were then checked by SDS page and Western Blot. From SDS page, we are able to confirm if we removed other proteins and purified our protein thoroughly.(Figure 2)</p>


<p>From SDS page, we can see that most of the target protein are found in Elution buffer, whereas the other proteins has been washed down during the purification steps, left in L,FT, and W.</p>

<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">
<li>2-a: An obvious band appears from E1~E8 as framed at 55kDa, the estimated molecular weight of NPA. Barely any other band appear in the elution solutions, indicating that most un-target proteins has been washed down. </li>
<li> 2-b: An obvious band appears from E1~E5 as framed at 65kDa, the estimated molecular weight of NPB. Barely any other band appear in the elution solutions, indicating that most un-target proteins has been washed down.</li>

</ul>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/2/20/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result2.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>

<p>Therefore, we confirmed that we purified our target protein thoroughly.
Still, we performed Western-Blot to double check whether the product on the estimated sites were our target protein or not.</p>

<p>We added six His-tag to our target protein. Hence, from western blot, we are able to confirm if the proteins we purified are our target proteins by using antibodies who recognize His-tag. The primary antibodies bind to protein with His-tags, secondary antibodies then binds to primary antibodies, and can be recognized by Fluorescent dye. (Figure 3)</p>


<p>From Western-Blot, we can see that the bands were the same sites shown in  the SDS-page. This proves that the purified protein in the elution sites contains His-tag.</p>

<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">

<li>3-a: An obvious band appears from E1~E8 as framed at 55kDa.Indicating that the proteins on the correct site are our target NPA protein. </li>
<li>3-b: An obvious band appears from E1~E5 as framed at 65kDa. Indicating that the proteins on the correct site are our target NPB protein.</li>

</ul>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/1/15/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result3.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>

<p>We have confirmed that the main products in the eluting solution are our target protein.</p>

<a class="anchorOffset" id="Dialysis &Concentration"></a>
<h3>Part 3. Dialysis &Concentration</h3>

<p>The high concentration of imidazole contained in the protein after purification could cause protein self-degeneration or aggregation, effecting the incubation between protein and Carboxyl gel in the next step. Moreover, the concentration was too low to be efficiently used. Thus, we dialyzed and concentrated the purified protein via Dialysis tube.</p>

<p>From Fig.4-a and Fig.4-b,we optimized our sequence to increase the yield of proteins. We can find that the protein increase in concentration. From Fig.4-b and Fig.4-c, We dialyze and concentrate the proteins to remove imidazole and make the concentration enough for performing SELEX.</p>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/f/f7/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result4.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>
<a class="anchorOffset" id="Optimized sequence"></a>
<h3>Part 4. Optimized sequence</h3>

<p>Since the protein yield was low and wasn’t able to supply the need for SELEX , we applied some online tools to optimize the sequence.For example, ATGme to replace the rare codon into the ones that E.coli use , in addition, to examine unexpected restriction sites. After this program, the protein yield became larger as seen in figure 5.
</p>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/e/e5/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result5.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>
 <a class="anchorOffset" id="Aptamer Selection Result"></a>
                        <a class="anchorOffset" id="A" tabindex="-1" style="outline: none;"></a>
                        <h2 class="h3Attr"; style="color:#009698"> Aptamer Selection Result </h2>
 <a class="anchorOffset" id="Part 1. Evolution of SELEX protocol"></a>
                        <h3>Part 1. Evolution of SELEX protocol</h3>

<h4><b>Phase 1: SELEX tube</b></h4>
<p>As indicated in the reference papers, a large amount(0.5~1 mg ) of target is required for this method. After three months of protein production, we finally had 0.9 mg of NPA protein to carry out this experiment.</p>

<p>Unfortunately, we did not dialyze our produced protein at that time, resulting in the rapid separation between our gel and protein due to the high concentration of sodium solution. It was going to take another long period of time before having enough protein for a next round SELEX gel preparation. Therefore, we made two alternations to solve this issue:</p>

<ol>
<li>Improve our protein yield by adjusting the sequence(see Modeling)</li>
<li>Seek for other ways to take out SELEX.</li>

<p>However, we still collected useful data regarding to the best environment for aptamer refolding in this experiment.</p>
</ol>

<p style="color:#FF0000">The amount of the by-products :</p>
<p>When aptamers refold in the ice , there were less by-products than when they refold in room temperature.(figure 6) Thus, we kept the aptamers on ice after degeneration in the following experiments</p>
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/e/e3/T--CSMU_Taiwan--resultfigure6.jpeg" width="100%" heigh t="100%">

<h4><b>Phase 2: 96 well plate</b></h4>

<p>In the purpose of reducing the usage of protein for SELEX, we looked over papers and found some papers that perform SELEX in 96- well plate required much less protein.</p>

<p>However, the result for this method did not work well in our experiment(figure 7). We tried two methods as described in the <a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:CSMU_Taiwan/Experiments">Experiment</a> section, but nothing appeared in the gel electrophoresis after PCR.</p>

<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/1/1e/T--CSMU_Taiwan--resultfigure7.jpeg" width="100%" heigh t="100%">

<h4>Test Strip Experimen</h4>


<p style="color:#FF0000">In conclusion, we assumed that insufficient mixing between the aptamer pool and coated protein limited to 96-well plate could lead to separation of all aptamers before Washing.</p>

<h4><b>Phase 3: SELEX in Eppendorf</b></h4>

<p>We concluded that:</p>
<ol>
<li><a style="color:#FF0000"> A smaller operation space for SELEX can reduce the usage of protein.</a></li>
<li><a style="color:#FF0000"> Sufficient mixure between aptamer pool and target protein is required</a></li>
<li><a style="color:#FF0000">It is more predictable and easy to control/track when protein are incubated with the Carboxyl Gel.</a></li>
</ol>


<p>Thus we used Eppendorf as our SELEX tube, and successfully got the following results mentioned in the next part.</p>

 <a class="anchorOffset" id="Part 2. SELEX result"></a>
<h3>Part 2. SELEX result</h3>

<h4>A. SELEX</h4>
<ol>
<li>The protocol of SELEX(protocol) involves three solutions: flowthrough, washing, and elution, which respectively include aptamers that didn’t bound to anything, aptamers that bound to the Gel but not the target protein, and aptamers that bound to the target protein.</li>
<li><a style="color:#009698">Unspecific Test:</a>o ensure that all aptamers we acquired from the elution bound to target protein instead of the Carboxyl Gel, we performed unspecific binding test. The protocol was identical to the normal SELEX, just that no protein were incubated on the Gel.(figure 8)</li>
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/f/f3/T--CSMU_Taiwan--resultfigure8.jpeg" width="100%" heigh t="100%">


<p style="color:#FF0000">We concluded that aptamers that bound to Carboxyl Gel were all washed 	down during the washing steps.</p>

<li>In our experiment, Two peeks appear after each round of SELEX, respectively after the washing and eluting step, which indicates the complete separation between the aptamers that didn’t bind to the protein incubated on the gel(washing) or the tightly bound aptamers (elution). (figure 9 ).</li>

<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/0/08/T--CSMU_Taiwan--resultfigure9.jpeg" width="100%" heigh t="100%"

<li>After practicing several rounds(5~6) of SELEX, we chose the eluting peeks as our selected aptamer pools, which were expected to have high specificity towards our target protein, and were then sent to be sequenced.</li>

<li>The following are the aptamer pools we chose to clone in the next step</li>

</ol>
 <a class="anchorOffset" id="QualitativeAnalysis"></a>
<h3>Part 3. Qualitative analysis </h3>

<h4><b>A.TA cloning</b></h4>

<ol>
<li>Aptamer pools were cloned into pGEM-T vectors with TA cloning kit, and were amplified and ligated with pGEM-T vector transformed into E.coli DH5α cells. Clones obtained were screened with M13 forward and reverse primers.</li>

<li>The ones that were at the length of 268np (181+87) indicates that the sequence has been successfully transformed into E.coli (figure 13), and these positive clones were then sent to be sequenced.</li>
</ol>

<h4><b>B.Sequence analyzation</b></h4>

<ol>

<li>Sequence were analyzed via NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, BLAST.

<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">

<li>Influenza A virus (A/Michigan/297/2017(H1N1)) nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene, complete cds<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/d/d6/T--CSMU_Taiwan--resultpdf1.pdf" style="color:blue">PDF</a></li>

<li>Influenza B virus (B/Colorado/16/2017) nucleoprotein (NP) gene, complete cds <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/d/d1/T--CSMU_Taiwan--resultpdf2.pdf"style="color:blue">PDF</a></li>

<li>Influenza A H1N1 (A/New York/18/2009) Hemagglutinin / HA Protein (His Tag) <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/7/73/T--CSMU_Taiwan--resultpdf3.pdf" style="color:blue">PDF</a></li>

<li>Influenza A H3N2 (A/Perth/16/2009) Hemagglutinin / HA Protein (His Tag) <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/6/62/T--CSMU_Taiwan--resultpdf4.pdf" style="color:blue">PDF</a></li>

</ul>

</ol>


<h4><b>C.ELISA-Characterization of selected aptamers</b></h4>

<ol>

<li>The titer value of selected aptamers were determined by ELISA.</li>

<li>Pre-progress:

<p>Amplify the sequenced DNA by PCR, using primers labeled with Biotin to product aptamers with biotin marker.</p>
</li>

<li>Two types of ELISA were practiced: Non-competitive ELISA and Competitive ELISA.</li>

<li>Purpose:
<p>To confirm the titer value of aptamer towards target protein. According to the coated protein, we are able to test two important character we intend to understand about the selected aptamers:<p>

<ul style="list-style-type:disc;">

<li>The Affinity→ by coating target protein</li>
<li>The Specificity→by coating un-target protein.</li>
</ul>
</li>

</ol>

<h4 style="color:#009698">Non-competitive ELISA:</h4>

<ol>

<li><b>Method:</b>

<p>Create a series of protein with different concentration via serial dilution. Coat these protein respectively to 96-well microplate. After blocking, add primary antibodies, the selected aptamers in this experiment. The following steps are the same as described in the Protocol.</p>

</li>

<li><b>Expectation:</b>

<p>If the affinity was high enough, as the concentration of target protein rises, the bound aptamer would increase too, resulting in the darker color presented.</p>

</li>

<li><b>Result:</b>

<p>We found out that the result for NPA, NPB and HA3 were more significant.
Following are their data:</p>

</li>

</ol>

<h4 style="color:#009698">Competitive ELISA:</h4>
<ol>

<li><b>Method:</b>

<p>Coat the protein to 96-well microplate, each well containing the same amount of proteins. After blocking, add primary antibodies, the selected aptamers, at the same time, add protein in different concentration as competition. The following steps are the same as described in the Protocol.</p>

</li>

<li><b>Expectation:</b>

<p>If the affinity was high enough, as the concentration of competition protein rises, the amount of bound aptamers would decrease, resulting in the lighter color presented.</p>

</li>

<li><b>Result</b>

<p>We found out that NPA had the most significant result. The followings are its data:
<a style="color:blue">NPA(figure15)</a></p>

</li>
</ol>



<p style="color:red"><b>Conclusion:</b>We concluded that NPA-4, NPA-6 had outstanding affinity and specificity towards its target protein. Therefore, we chose them as the sample in the next part.</p>

 <a class="anchorOffset" id="Part 4. Future work"></a>
<h3>Part 4. Future work</h3>

<p>Other aptamers failed to perform good affinity or specificity. This could be explained by the biotin labeled mechanism: Since only one of the strands of amplified aptamers was labelled with biotin during PCR, only 50% of biotin was able to bind to the right strand that had the function to distinguish the target protein. To solve this problem, we are going to use forward primer labeled with biotin to acquire data in the future.</p>



<a class="anchorOffset" id="Test Strip Result"></a>
<h2 class="h3Attr"; style="color:#009698"> Test Strip Result </h2>

<p>As mentioned in the<a href="https://2019.igem.org/Team:CSMU_Taiwan/Experiments"> Experiment</a> ,we tried two different methods:</p>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/3/37/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result6.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>

<ol>
<li><b>Direct-Competition:</b>
<ol>
<li>Method:<br>
0.25ul of Apt-NPA-4and Apt-NPA-5were coated on the NC paper as test lines. Then 120ul of samples containing 400X diluted 0.84mg/ml NPA protein were loaded onto sample pad.</li>
<li>Expectation: <br>
One site of NPA in the loaded samples should bind to Apt-NPA-4-Nanogold when flowing through release pad, while another site of NPA should bind to Apt-NPA-5 coated on the NC paper. Therefore, the test line should present the strawberry color of Nanogold particle.</li>
<li>Result:<br>
As seen in Figure, no color was shown on the test line.</li>

<li>Future prospects:<br>
There are two possible reasons why no color was presented: one is that only one of the two strains aptamers bound to NPA, another is that concentration on the NC paper was too low. We intend to try these conditions in the near future.</li>

</ol>
</li>

<li><b>Sandwich Competition:</b>

<ol>
<li>Method:<br>
0.25ul of NPA(1.94mg/ml)was coated on the NC paper as test line. Then 120ul of samples containing 400X diluted 0.84mg/ml NPA protein were loaded onto sample pad.</li>
<li>Expectation:<br>
NPA in the sample should bind to Apt-NPA-4-Nanogold when flowing through release pad,. Therefore, the higher the concentration of NPA was in the sample, the lighter the color of test line would be.</li>

<li>Result:<br>
As seen in Figure ,a light circle of strawberry red was shown on the test line.

<p>We then tried other conditions including:</p>

<ul>
<li><b>Different concentration of NPA on the NC paper </b>
Purpose&Method:
Because the test line color was too light in the previous experiment, we tried to increase the concentration of NPA on NC paper by dropping more NPA. In other words, we add more drops, while every drop remains 0.25ul .
<br>
<p>Result:</p>
<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/6/6c/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result7.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>

<p>The color of test line became darker as we add 1drop, 2 drops and 3 drops. The color remains almost the same after adding 3 drops. <br>

<b>Conclusion:</b>Adding 3 drops of 0.25ul NPA(1.94mg/ml) was the most suitable condition in our experiment.</p>
</li>

<li><b>Different concentrations of NPA in the sample</b>

<p>Purpose&Method:<br>
We applieddifferent dilution fold to NPA in our sample to look for the threshold concentration, the concentration that competes all the aptamers away, resulting in the fade color of test line.</p>

<p>Result:<br>
The color turned lighter when the concentration of NPA rises. The darkest was PBS, then 800 fold diluted, and the lightest was 100 fold diluted. However, color still exists under this condition.</p>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/9/91/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result8.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>

<p><b>Conclusion:</b> This double-proved our experiment was successful. Color goes lighter when the concentration of target protein rises</p>

</li>

<li><b>Different concentration of Apt-NPA-4 conjugated with Nanogold particles.</b>
<p>Purpose&Method:<br>
We suspected that the amount of aptamers conjugated to Nanogold particle was not enough, so that the result between coated NPA and sample NPA wasn’t as significant as we expected to be.We then respectively conjugated 1ug, 2.5, 5ug to Nanogold particle.</p>

<p>Result:</p>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/f/f8/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result9.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>


<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/a/ae/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result10.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/a/a0/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result11.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>

<p>As seen in Figure, no color is shown when 1ug of Apt-NPA-4 is conjugated to Nanogold. Although no color is shown under naked eyes when 2.5 ug or 5ug of Apt-NPA-4 is conjugated to Nanogold particles, after adjusting the contrast value, the color of test line shows up. Colors can be seen when loading PBS of both 2.5ug and 5ug and 400 fold dilution of NPA at 5ug. No color can be seen when loading 400 folds diluted NPA at 2.5ug.</p>

<p><b>Conclusion:</b><br>
The best condition we acquired now is:
Add 3 drops(0.25ul/drop) of NPA(1.94mg/ul) on NC paper; Conjugate 2.5ug of Apt-NPA-4 with Nanogold particles.
The threshold is 400 folds diluted NPA(0.84mg/ml).</p>
</li>
</ul>

</ol>
</li>

<li><b>Full Wavelength Scan</b>

<p>
Purpose&Method:<br>
To confirm that Apt-NPA-4 has successfully conjugated to Nanogold particle, we tested Apt-NPA-4-Nanogold under Full Wavelength Scan. Blank using Nanogold particles to remove background of Nanogold absorbance.</p>

<p>Expectation:<br>
Aptamers are ssDNAs, therefore if aptamers were conjugated to Nanogold, a peak would be anticipated to show up at 260nm.</p>

<p>Result:<br>
 1ug, 2.5ug and 5ugof Apt-NPA-4 conjugated to Nanogold all showed a peak at 260nm. Indicating that three of them are all successfully conjugated. </p>

<figure class="resultfig" style="margin: 0px;">
            <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2019/a/a9/T--CSMU_Taiwan--result00.png" style="margin-top:0px">
        </figure>
<p>Figure:1-10X: 1ug of Apt-NPA-4 conjugated to Nanogold, and diluted at 10 folds; 
2.5-10X:2.5ug of Apt-NPA-4 conjugated to Nanogold, and diluted at 10 folds; 
5-10X:5ug of Apt-NPA-4 conjugated to Nanogold, and diluted at 10 folds.</p>

</li>













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